Lacks structure and organisation, present in bacteria/blue green algae. Genetic material is in the nucleoid, and plasmids. Cytoplasm contains enzymes, ribosomes & food storage granules, and respiration occurs on a piece of cell membrane - mesosome
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What is a nucleus?
A large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope, which contains chromatin (made from proteins and DNA) and often a nucleolus
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What is a lysome?
A round organelle containing digestive enzymes which can be used to digest invading cells, or break down worn out components of the cell
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What is a vesicle?
A small fluid filled sack which transports substances in and out of the cell
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What is a ribosome?
A very small organelle which is the site where proteins are made
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What is the endoplastic reticulum?
A sysytem of membranes inclosing a fluid filled space. The RER is covered in ribosomes and, folds and processes the proteins made by the ribosomes. The SER synthesises and produces lipids
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What is the golgi apparatus?
A group of fluid filled flattened sacks (cisternae) which produces and packages proteins. It also makes lysomes
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What is a centriole?
Hollow cylinder containing a ring of micro tubules (tiny protein cylinders) which is involved in the separation of chromosomes during cell division
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What are the mitochondria?
Oval shaped organelles with a double membrane (the inner one folded to form structures called cristae) with an internal matrix containing the enzymes involved in respiration. It is the site of respiration where ATP is produced.
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What is a tissue?
A group of similar cells working together to carry out a function
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What is an organ?
A group of tissue grouped into a structure to work together
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What is a system?
Organs working together to carry out a large scale function
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How to chromosomes condense?
With the help of positively charged proteins - histones. DNA winds around the histones to form dense clusters (nucleosomes) which then interact to produce coiling, then supercoiling
DNA replicated, new cell organelles synthesised, ATP production increases
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What happens during phrophase?
chromosomes coil and condense to form 2 chromatids, nucleolus breaks down, centrioles separate and form spindle
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What happens during metaphase?
The nuclear membrane breaks down and chromatids line up on the equator
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What happens during anaphase?
The centromeres separate and each chromatid is pulled along a spindle tubule to a pole
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What happens during telophase?
The chromatids reach the poles, the cytoplasm divides, and the membranes begin to reform. The chromosomes then decondense, the membrane fully reforms, and centrioles are present again
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How is the cell cycle controlled?
By chemical checkpoints. Proteins called cyclins build up and attatch to enzymes called cyclin-dependent kinases. The complex which forms adds a phosphate group to other proteins, changing their shape and bringing on the next stage of the cell cycle
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is a prokaryotic cell?
Back
Lacks structure and organisation, present in bacteria/blue green algae. Genetic material is in the nucleoid, and plasmids. Cytoplasm contains enzymes, ribosomes & food storage granules, and respiration occurs on a piece of cell membrane - mesosome
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