Biology Unit 1 Module 1-Cells Key Words

Key words for cells on module 1 of unit 1 of the F211 as biology exam. Enjoy :)

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  • Created by: Jessica
  • Created on: 15-05-13 09:56
Magnification
How much bigger it appears under the microscope than it actually is.
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Equation for magnification
magnification= image size/actual size
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Resolution
The ability to see two distinct points seperately.
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Organelles
Internal structure inside a cell. Each have a specific function.
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Ultrastructure
Detailed structure of the internal components of cells as revealed by the electron microscope.
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Cytoskeleton
A network of protein fibres which keep cell's shape stable by providing an internal framework.
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Actin Filaments
Fibres found in muscle cells. They are able to move against each other. They cause movement seen in some white blood cells, and move some organelles around inside cells.
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Microtubules
Cylinders made of protein called tubulin, about 25nm in diameter. These can be used to move a microorganism through a liquid or waft a liquid past a cell.
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Flagella
Made up of a cylinder containing 9 microtubules arranged in a circle with a further two in the centre. They contain a protein called flagellin which act as true motors which spin the flagellum using ATP energy
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Undulipodia
Made up of a cylinder containing 9 microtubules arranged in a circle with a further two in the centre.
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Membrane-Bound Organelles
They have their own surrounding membrane to prevent mixture with the rest of the cell contents. Found in Eukaryotic Cells.
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Eukaryotic Cell
Cells that have a nucleus inside an nuclear envelope, and other membrane-bound organelles specialised for a specific function
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Prokaryotic Cell
An organism with cells that do not contain a true nucleus. They do not contain any membrane bound oragnelles.
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Nucleus
A large, membrane bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells, which contain the genetic material in the form of chromosomes
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Nuclear Envelope
The double membrane structure with fluid between them, surrounding the nucleus
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Nuclear Pores
Holes going through the nuclear envelope
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Nucleolus
Dense, spherical structure found in the nucleus. It makes RNA and ribosomes.
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Chromatin
Consists of DNA and proteins. It contains the instructions for making proteins. When the cell divides it condenses into visible chromosomes.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Consits of a series of flattened membrane-bound sacs called cisternae. They are continuous with the outer nuclear membrane.
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Rough ER
Studded with ribosomes. It transports proteins that are made on the attached ribosomes.
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Smooth ER
Involved in making lipids that the cell needs.
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Golgi apparatus
Stack of membrane-bound sacs. It is responsible for receiving proteins and modifying them, it receives proteins from the rough ER and may add sugar to them. It packages them into vesicles that can be transported.
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Mitochondria
Spherical or sausage shaped. It has 2 membranes separated by a fluid-filled space. Inner membrane is tightly folded to form cristae. The central part is called the matrix. Site where ATP is produced.
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Chloroplasts
Found in plant cells. Has 2 membranes separated by a fluid-filled space. Inner membrane is continuous, with a network of flattened membrane sacs called thylakoids. Site of photosynthesis.
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Lysosome
Spherical sac surrounded by a single membrane. It contains a powerful digestive enzymes, which break down materials
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Ribosomes
Consists of 2 subunits. Can be found in the cytoplasm or attached to the Rough ER. It is the site of protein synthesis. They act as a assembly line where coded info (mRNA) from the nucleus is used to assemble proteins from amino acids.
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Centrioles
Small tubes of microtubules, present only in animal cells and some protoctists. Found in a pair next to the nucleus. Used in cell division, they form fibres known as spindles which move the chromosomes during nuclear division.
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Plasma Membrane/Cell Surface Membrane
The membrane that surrounds every cell, forming selectively permeable boundary between the cell and its environment. It is made up of a double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins.
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Phosopholipids
A molecule consisting of a glycerol molecule, two fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group covalently bonded together. It has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.
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Partially permeable membrane
Membranes that are permeable only to water and some solute molecules.
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Fluid Mosaic Model
The model of cell membrane structure proposed by Singer and Nicholson-a phospholipid bilayer with various proteins in they layer, and some extrinsic proteins partially embedded in either side of the layer and intrinsic proteins spanning the layer
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Glycolipids
A lipid with a carbohydrate chain attached to them.
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Glycoproteins
A protein with a carbohydrate chain attached to them. Used in cell signaling.
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Cholesterol
A lipid molecule, found in all cell membranes. It provides mechanical strength giving the membrane stability.
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Channel Proteins
A protein pore that spans a membrane through which very small ions and water soluble molecules may pass.
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Carrier Proteins
Protein found in membranes, which is capable of actively transporting a specific molecule or ion through the membrane
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Receptor Sites
Protein or glycoprotein molecules on cell surfaces. They allow hormones to bind with the cell so that cellular responses can be carried out
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Cell Signaling
Processes that lead to communication and coordination between cells. Hormones binding to their receptors on the cell surface membrane are an example.
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Diffusion
The net movement of molecules or ions ina gas or liquid from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. it is a passive process and relies only on kinetic energy
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Facilitated Diffusion
It is a passive process and involves the movement of specific molecules across the membrane via a special protein carrier. These are either carrier proteins or channel proteins
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Osmosis
The movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential across a partially permeable membrane
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Water Potential
The measure of the tendency of water molecules to move from one area to another.
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Haemolysis
The rupturing of animal cell surface membranes and subsequent release of their contents, when an animal cell is placed in a solution of higher water potential and water enters by osmosis
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Turgid
Describes a plant cell that is full of water as a result of entry of water due to osmosis. When the pressure of the cell wall prevents more water entering, it swells.
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Crenation
State of animal cells when they have been immersed in a solution of lower water potential and have been lost by osmosis. It shrinks and becomes shrivelled.
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Plasmolysis
Detachment of the plasma membrane from the cell wall as the cytoplasm shrinks when water is lost from a plant cell. It shrivels
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Active Transport
Movement of substances across membranes against their concentration gradient, requiring the use of ATP. It uses carrier proteins.
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Endocytosis
The process of taking materials into a cell by surronding them with part of the plasma membrane which then pinches off to form a vesicle inside the cell. It is a active process so requires the use of ATP
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Exocytosis
The process of secreting materials from the cell by fusing vesicles containing the material with plasma membrane.
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G1 of the Cell Cycle
The first growth stage, which includes making new proteins and organelles
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S of the Cell Cycle
Indicates synthesis. Each chromosome is duplicated to have two chromatids. The cell checks itself to ensure it has correctly copied each chromosome, if not, the cell cycle is abandoned
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G2 of the Cell Cycle
Indicates the second growth stage, the enlargement of the developing cell
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M of the Cell Cycle
Indicates nuclear division-mitosis-where the cell undergoes the events involved in cellular division
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I of the Cell Cycle
Interphase- the stage the cell is the rest of the time
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Mitosis
Form of cellular division where two daughter cells are produced, that are gentically identical to the parent cell.
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Interphase
Refers to the state a complete parent cell is in when it has all 46 chromosomes that have been replicated. There are two centrioles situated at opposite ends of the cell.
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Prophase
Chromosomes supercoil (shorten and thicken). At this point they consit of a pair of sister chromatids, 2 daughter centrioles move round the cell to opposite poles of the cell each centriole begins to make spindles, the nuclear envelope broken down
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Metaphase
Individual chromosomes move to the equator of the spindle and align themselves. They become attached to the spindle thread as the spindle locks onto the centromere of each chromosome.
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Anaphase
Happens when the centromere split each individual chromatid. The spindle fibres shorten, which pulls the chromatids further apart to opposite poles of the cell. They have a V-shaped appearance.
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Telophase
Nuclear envelope reforms around each individual set of chromatids to create two new nuclei. Spindle breaks down and disappears. Chromosomes uncoil.
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Cytokenesis
The cell splits in 2 so 2 daughter each have a genetically identical nucleus.
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Meiosis
Cellular division concerned with cellular division. Daughter cells only contain half the number of chromosomes (haploid) and are genetcially different. Only happens in the gonads. Only one chromosome from each homologus pair is copied
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Homologous
Adult cells contain 46 chromosomes which are homologous which means they contain the same genes but different alleles, one from the father and one from the mother.
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Haploid
Contain half the chromosome (23), gametes (sex cells)
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Diploid
Cells or organisms that have two copies of each chromosome in their nuclei.
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Cell Specialisation
The process by which cells become specialised to carry out a particular role or function
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Differenation
The development and changes seen in cells as they mature to form specialised cells.
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Stem Cells
Undifferentiated cells that are capable of becoming differentiated to a number of possible cell types.
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Erythrocyte
Red blood cell
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Neutrophil
Phagocyte
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Tissues
A collection of cells that are similar to each other and perform a common function.
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Organs
A collection of tissues working together to perform a particular function.
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Organ System
Made up of several organs working together to perform an overall life function.
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Epithelial Tissue
Animal tissue. These tissues form a sheets which cover surfaces-most organs have this tissue.
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Sqaumous Epithellia
Smooth, flat and very thin, fit closely together. This allows for rapid diffusion. Found in alveoli, blood vessels and cheeks.
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Ciliated Epithellia
Has cilia. The cells which has cilia waft rhythmically to move material along the surface. Also present among ciliated epithellia are goblet cells the cilia move the mucus produced by goblet cells upwards into the breathing tubes
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Goblet Cells
Secrete mucus, which traps dirt and microbes.
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Meristem Cells
Found in plants. They are undifferentiated and are only produced in meristem areas (the root, shoot tips, and a ring around the stem or trunk). They can differentiate into cells which become part of the transport tissues (xylem or phloem)
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

magnification= image size/actual size

Back

Equation for magnification

Card 3

Front

The ability to see two distinct points seperately.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Internal structure inside a cell. Each have a specific function.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Detailed structure of the internal components of cells as revealed by the electron microscope.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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