Biology Unit 1

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  • Created by: Sarah
  • Created on: 02-04-13 11:40
What protein clots blood?
Fribogen
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Three ways a pathogen can damage a cell?
Rupture host cell, use cell nutrients, replicate in side causing a burst
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What's a phagocyte?
Type of white blood cell, kill bacteria with help of lysomomes
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What reaction digests food?
Hydrolysis
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What are muscle contractions in the oseaphagus called?
Peristalsis
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In the stomach, what modes gastric juice contain?
Hydrochloric acid and pepsin
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What is pepsin?
An enzyme - hydrolyses protons into smaller chains
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Two main parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum and ileum
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What happens in the duodenum?
Alkaline bile and pancreatic juice neutralise acidity of bile, break down further
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What happens in the ileum
Soluble molecules absorbed through structures called villi that line the gut
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What does the large intestine absorb?
Water, salts and minerals
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Muscles that control exit or stomach and rectume
Sphincter
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What's the point of glands?
Release enzymes to help break food
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What's the job of salivary amylase in the salivary glands?
Break starch to maltose, a disaccharide
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What does pancreatic juice in the duodenum help do?
Neutralises the acidity of hydrochloric acid from the stomach
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What reactions forms poly peptides?
Condensations
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What bonds are formed between amino acids?
Peptide bonds
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What are transport proteins?
Cell membranes
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Test for reducing sugars?
Benedictus (turns red)
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What does iodine test for?
Starch
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Where are proteins synthesised?
Ribosomes
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What are lysosomes used for?
Digesting invading cells, break down worn out components of a cell
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What is SER?
Synthesises and process lipids
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What is RER used for?
Folds and process proteins (made by ribosomes)
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What processes and packages proteins and lipids?
Golgi apparatus
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Here are micro villi found?
Plasma membrane
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What electron microscope has a better resolution?
Transmission electron microscope
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Which microscope can scan thick specimens?
Scanning electron microscope
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Whats the process called where organelles are separated
Ultracentrifugation
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what is a SER role?
synthesise and process lipids
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What are RERS used for?
folds and processes lipids
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Where are digesting enzymes kept? ones that digest invading cells
Lysosomes
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What processes and packages new lipids and protiens?
Golgi apperatus
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What are the folds in the plasma membrane called?
microvillii
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What are membranes composed of?
lipids, protiens, carbs
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at reactions forms tryglycerides? (adding glycerol to fatty acids)
condensation
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saturated fats, double or single bonded?
single
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how do phospholipids differ from triglycerides?
fatty acid replaced with a phosphate group (hydrophillic)
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What test is used for lipids?
Emulsion (+alcohol - turn milky)
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what does facilitated diffusion use?
carrier proteins and protein channels
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Whats is failitated diffusion?
to help large molecules go through membranes
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hats involved in active transport as well as facilitated diffusion?
carrier proteins
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What do co-transporters do?
bind two molecules together, allowing the conc gradient of one molecule to help move another against is conc grad
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how does glucose diffuse across the intestinal epithelium into the blood?
carbs broken down - high conc of glucose in small intestine - so moves via epithelial cells into blood
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how else does the remaining glucose enter the intestinal epithelium?
active transport
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membrane properties?
barrier against water soluable molecules, controls entrance, allow cell communication
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What is a procaryotic cell?
small, eg. batceria (cause cholera)
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What does the cholera toxin effect?
Chloride exchange of ions
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at does ORS contain?
sugar and salts
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when breathing in what two things contract?
intercostal and diaphram muscles
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where does gas exchange happen in humans
alveoli
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why is it benefical to have many alveoli than few
larger surface area - thin walls too!
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what is the equation for pulmonary ventilation?
tidal volume x ventilation rate
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what does tb do?
biuld a wall around bacteria in lungs, killing tussue - gas exchange surface damaged
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what 3 affect lung function?
ffibrosis, asthma, emphysema
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what does fibrosis do to the lungs?
increase scar tissue, making lung tissue less elastic
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what happens during asthma?
bronchiole muscle contracts - large mucus to be produced - constricting airways
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what disease causes inflammation and attracts phaocytes to the alveoli (breaking elastin)
emphysema
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What side of the heart is deoxygenated blood?
Right
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why is the right ventricle wall thicker?
giving more pressure so blood can go round the body
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hat is the point in the semi-lunar valves?
stop blood flowing back into the heart after contraction
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what does mygenic mean (heart)?
contract and relax continuously
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What does the SAN do?
sets a rhythm for heart beat, waves of electrical activity to atrial walls
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whats the cardiac output equation?
stroke volume x heart rate
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what are the 3 stages of cardiac cycle?
ventricle relax, atria contracts - ventricles contract, atria relax - both relax
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what is the plaque made of wbc and lipids called? (clogs up arteries)
atheromoa
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what disease causes a balloon like swelling due to narrow artieries?
anerysm
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what is thrombosis?
atheroma rupture inner wall (endothelium) damaging artery wall, platelets and fibrin cause a blood clots
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what is it called when blood flow is interrupted from flowing to the heart
myocardial infarction
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how does high blood cholesterol increase the risk of CHD?
increases the chances of fatty deposits - atheromas- increasing blood pressure
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ow does the carbon monoxide and nicotine contribute to CHD?
CO combines with haemoglobin - less room for O2, reduces anti oxidents in cells making cell damage more likey
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why is high blood pressure so dangerous for the heart?
increase risk of damaged walls - atheroma formation - blood clotting - mycardial infarction
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Three ways a pathogen can damage a cell?

Back

Rupture host cell, use cell nutrients, replicate in side causing a burst

Card 3

Front

What's a phagocyte?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What reaction digests food?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are muscle contractions in the oseaphagus called?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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