Biology Key Terms (A-C)

Every key term

?
alpha helix
a protein secondary structure - right handed spiral held in place by the hydrogen bonds between adjacent C=O and NH groups
1 of 80
Activation energy
the level of energy require to enable a reaction to take place
2 of 80
Active immunity
Immunity that is acquired by activation of the immune system
3 of 80
Active site
the area on a enzyme to which the substrate binds
4 of 80
Active transport
movement of substances across a p.p membrane against the concentration gradient, requires ATP
5 of 80
Adenine
a nitrogen containing organic base found in nucleic acid
6 of 80
Adipose
describes tissues consisting of cells that store fat/lipids
7 of 80
Affinity
An attractive force between substances/particles
8 of 80
Allele
a version of a gene
9 of 80
Allopatric
speciation due to organisms of a species being separated by geographical barriers so that over time members of the two populations become so different that they cannot interbreed and are considered to be two different species
10 of 80
Amino acid
an organic compound that contains both an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH)
11 of 80
Amylase
an enzyme that catalyses hydrolysis of starch
12 of 80
Amylose
part of a starch molecule consisting of thousands of glucose residue bonded together
13 of 80
Anaphase
in mitosis the stage when the newly separated chromatids are pulled towards opposite poles of the nuclear spindle
14 of 80
Anomalous
a result that does not fit the pattern due to error
15 of 80
Antibiotics
molecules produced by microorganisms that kill/limit the growth of other microorganisms
16 of 80
Antibodies
protein molecules released by the immune system in response to an antigen - capable of neutralising the effects of the antigen
17 of 80
Antigen
a foreign molecule (protein or glycoprotein) that provokes an immune response
18 of 80
Antigen-presenting cell
a macrophage that has ingested a pathogen and displays the pathogen's antigens on its cell surface membrane
19 of 80
Apoplast pathway
the route taken by water between the cells/through the cell walls of plants
20 of 80
Arteriosclerosis
hardening of the artery walls and loss of elasticity caused by atherosclerosis and deposition of calcium
21 of 80
Artificial immunity
immunity acquires as a result of deliberate exposure to antigens or by the injection of antibodies
22 of 80
Asexual reproduction
the production of genetically identical new organisms by a single 'parent' organism
23 of 80
Artificial selection
selective breeding - the process of improving crop or domesticated animal by breeding from individuals with desired characteristics
24 of 80
Assay
The use of comparative studies or samples to determine the concentration or quantity of a substrate in a sample
25 of 80
Assimilation
Incorporation, in animals this is the digestion of a simple molecule to be used in metabolism, in plants this is the use of carbon with carbon dioxide to make assimilates
26 of 80
Atherosclerosis
the deposition of fatty substances in the lining of arteries to form an atheroma
27 of 80
ATP
adenosine triphosphate - a temporary store of energy in organisms
28 of 80
Atrioventricular node (AVN)
tissue in the septum of the heart that conducts electrical stimulate
29 of 80
Atrioventricular vales
valves between the atria and ventricles to prevent backflow of blood
30 of 80
Autotroph
an organism that makes its own food from simple inorganic molecules
31 of 80
Base pairing rules
complementary base pairing between nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids
32 of 80
Benedict's test
a test for reducing sugars, heated to 80 degrees with Ben. reagent, change from blue to red/orange precipitate
33 of 80
Binary fission
method of cell division in bacteria
34 of 80
Bionomial system
a system of naming living things using two latin words, the genus name and the specific name
35 of 80
Biodiversity
the number and variety of living things to be found in the world, in an ecosystem or in a habitat
36 of 80
Biuret test
a biochemical test for the presence of protein
37 of 80
Bohr shift/effect
the effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the affinity of haemoglobin from oxygen - shift down and to the right
38 of 80
Buffer
a chemical system that resists changes in pH by maintaining a constant level of hydrogen ions in a solution
39 of 80
Calibration
to determing the quantity of a substance in a solution by taking readings from solutions containing known amounts of the the solution and constructing a calibration curve on a graph.
40 of 80
Cambium
plant tissue in the stem and root of plants that contains dividing cells
41 of 80
Carbaminohaemoglobin
the molecule resulting from a combination of carbon dioxide and haemoglobin
42 of 80
Carcinogen
a substance which causes cancer
43 of 80
Cardiac cycle
the sequences of events making one heartbeat
44 of 80
Carnivore
an animal that eats meat
45 of 80
Cardiac muscle
the muscle found in the hearts that is myogenic
46 of 80
Carrier protein
a protein found in membranes that carry specific ions through
47 of 80
Casparian *****
a ***** of waterproof material (suberin) that blocks the apoplast pathway
48 of 80
Cell signalling
processes that lead to communication and coordination between cells
49 of 80
Cellulose
a carbohydrate polymer that forms plant walls
50 of 80
Centriole
an organelle from which spindle fibres develop during cell division
51 of 80
Channel protein
a protein pore that spans the membrane through which small, non-charged ions can pass
52 of 80
Chemotaxis
the movement of cells or organisms towards or away from a particular chemical
53 of 80
Chloride shift
the movement of chloride ions into RBC to balance the loss of hydrocarbonate ions
54 of 80
Chlorophyll
pigments found in chloroplasts on a plant. Each consisting of a hydrocarbon tail and a porphyrin ring head with a magnesium atom, absorbs red and blue light and reflects green
55 of 80
Chloroplast
an organelle found in plants which contains chlorophyll and is responsible for photosynthesis
56 of 80
Cholesterol
a lipid molecule found in all cell membranes involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones
57 of 80
Chromatid
a replicates chromosome appears as 2 identical stands = chromatid
58 of 80
Chromatin
material staining dark red in the nucleus during interphase, consists of nucleic acids and proteins. Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
59 of 80
CIlia
short hair like extensions typically 2-10 micrometers long and 0.25 in diameter, used for locomotion
60 of 80
Ciliated epithelium
epithelial cells that have cilia on their surface
61 of 80
Class
taxonomic group used in classification
62 of 80
Classification
the organisation of living things into groups according to shared features
63 of 80
Clonal expansion
the division of selected cells by mitosis to increase their numbers
64 of 80
Clonal selection
the selection of cells with a specific receptor site
65 of 80
Clones
genetically identical cells or individuals
66 of 80
Coenzymes
An organic non-protein molecule that binds temporarily with substrate to an enzymes active site, essential for enzyme activity
67 of 80
Cohesion
the attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonding
68 of 80
Cofactor
a molecule or ion that helps an enzyme to work
69 of 80
Collagen
a structural fibrous protein found in connection tissue, bones skin and cartilage
70 of 80
Companion cell
a cell in the phloem involved in actively loading sucrose into the sieve tube elements
71 of 80
Competitive inhibitor
a substance that reduces the rate of an enzyme- controlled reaction by binding to the enzymes active site
72 of 80
Concentration gradient
the difference in concentration of a substance between two regions
73 of 80
Condensation
a type of chemical reaction in which two molecules are joined by a covalent bond to form a larger molecule, water is released
74 of 80
Conservation ex situ
conservation in areas other than the natural habitat
75 of 80
Conservation in situ
conservation in the natural habitat
76 of 80
Continuous variation
variation between living organism where there is a range of intermediates
77 of 80
Coronary arteries
Arteries that carry blood to the heart
78 of 80
Cotransporter protein
a protein in a cell membrane that allows the movement of one molecule when linked to the movement of a another molecule in the same direction by A.T
79 of 80
Covalent bond
a chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more electrons
80 of 80

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

the level of energy require to enable a reaction to take place

Back

Activation energy

Card 3

Front

Immunity that is acquired by activation of the immune system

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

the area on a enzyme to which the substrate binds

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

movement of substances across a p.p membrane against the concentration gradient, requires ATP

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Biology resources:

See all Biology resources »See all Biological molecules resources »