Biology Further

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Circulatory system
The circulatory system consists of blood vessels, the heart and blood.
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Right heart pump
The right pump forces deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it picks up oxygen and loses carbon dioxide.
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Left heart pump
The left pump takes in the oxygenated blood and pumps it to the rest of the body.
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Hearts four chambers - upper
Upper chambers - artia, receive blood from the vena cava on the right and pulmonary vein on the left.
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Hearts four chambers - contracts
The atria contracts to move blood into the lower chambers, the ventricles.
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Hearts four chambers - lower
The ventricles contract, they force blood into the pulmonary artery from the right sidde and into the aorta on the left side.
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Hearts four chambers - Valves
Valves in the heart prevent the blood from flowing in the wrong direction. The heart muscle is supplied with oxygenated blood via the coronary arteries.
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Arteries
1. carry blood away from the heart. 2. have thick walls containing muscle and elastic tissue
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Veins
1. have thinner walls than arteries. 2. often have valves along their length to prevent backflow of blood
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Capillaries
1. are narrow, thin-walled vessels. 2. carry the blood through the organs and allow the exchange of substances with all the living cells in the body.
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Stents
Stents can be inserted to keep blood vessels open. This is particularly beneficial when coronary arteries become narrowed due to fatty deposits, cutting off the blod supply to the heart.
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Artificial valves
Artifical vales can be inserted in the heart to replace damaged valves as leaky valves mean the blood could flow in the wrong direction.
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Blood
Blood is a tissue. This fluid plasma contains red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
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Blood plasma transports:
1. carbon dioxide from the organs to the lungs. 2. soluble products of digestion from the small intestine to other organs. 3. urea from the liver to the kindeys where urine is made
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Red blood cells
1. are biconcave discs which do not have a nucleus. 2. contain the red pigment haemoglobin. 3. haemoglobin combins with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin in the lungs. 4. carry all the oxygen to the organs
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White blood cells
1. have a nucleus. 2. form part of the body's defence system against microorganisms.
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Platelets
1. are small fragments of cells. 2. do not have a nucleus. 3. help blood to clot at the site of a wound.
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Artifical blood
Perfluorocarbons, PFCs, don't contain cells so no need to match blood. Don't carry as much oxygen and some types are insoluble in water.
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Advantages of artifical hearts
They do not need to match the person's tissue and there is no need for immunosuppressant drugs
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Disadvantages of artifical hearts
Problems with blood clotting, long stays in hospital and expense
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Xylem tissue
Transports water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem, leaves and flowers
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Transpiration stream
The movement of water from the roots through the xylem and out of the leaves.
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Phloem tissue
Carries dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant, including the growing regions and the storage organs.
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Homeostasis
Keeping the internal conditions of the body within a narrow range.
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Waste products
1. carbon dioxide, produced by respiration, removed via the lungs. 2. urea, produced in the liver from the breakdown of amino acids, removed by the kidneys in the urine and temporarily stored in the bladder.
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Kidneys
The kidneys filter the blood, excreting substances the body doesn't want and keeping the ones the body needs.
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How a kidney produces urine
1. filtering the blood. 2. reabsorbing all the sugar. 3. reabsorbing the dissolved ions the body needs. 4. reabsorbing water the body needs. 5. releasing urea, excess ions and water
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Urea
Made in the liver by the breakdown of amino acids, removed from the blood in the kidneys
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Dialysis fluid
Contain the same concentration of useful substances as the blood so that non defuse out of the blood. Only urea diffuses out
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Immunosuppressant drugs
Given after a kindey transplant to stop the recipient's body from rejecting the new kidney
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Thermoregulatory centre
The place in the brain where the blood temperature is detected
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Core temperature rises
1. Blood vessels near the surface dilate allowing more blood to flow, energy is transferred by radiation. 2. Sweat glands produce more sweat, energy used to evaporate comes from surface
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Core temperature falls
1. Blood vessels near the surface constrict blood flow, less energy is radiated. 2. Shiver, mucles contract quickly, this requires respiration and some of the energy released warms the blood
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Pancreas
The pancreas monitors and controls the level of glucose in our blood
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High levels of glucose
The pancreas releases the hormone insulin
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Glycogen
In the liver excess glucose if converted to glycogen for storage
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Low levels of glucose
The pancreas releases the hormone glucagon, the glucagon causes the glycogen in the liver to change into glucose
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Other methods for diabetes
1. pancreas transplants. 2. transplating pancreas cells. 3. using stem cells to produce insulin secreting cells. 4. using adult stem cells from diabetic patients. 5. genetically engineering pancreas cells to make them work
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Parasites
Sewage must be treted properly to remove gut parasites and toxic cemicals
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Chemical fertilisers
These are used to keep soil fertile however they are being washed into rivers
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Acid rain
Sulfur dioxide dissolved in rain makes it more acidic
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Deforestation has:
1. increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmostphere. 2. reduced the rate at which is it removed. 3. reduced biodiversity due to loss of food and habitats.
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Ethanol production
Digestion of starch to sugar by carbohydrase, fermentation by yeast and distillation.
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Biogas
Mainly methane, produced during anaerobic fermentation by bacteria of any waste material contraining carbohydrate
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Mycoprotein
A protein rich food suitable for vegetarians - produced in aerobic conditions.
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Fisherman:
1. a quota. 2. use certain sized nets to avoid catching young fish
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Fusarium
Grown to produce mycoprotein
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

The right pump forces deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it picks up oxygen and loses carbon dioxide.

Back

Right heart pump

Card 3

Front

The left pump takes in the oxygenated blood and pumps it to the rest of the body.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Upper chambers - artia, receive blood from the vena cava on the right and pulmonary vein on the left.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

The atria contracts to move blood into the lower chambers, the ventricles.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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