6. For the production of drugs eg penicillin the fungus
Ethical objections, and some people think there is a lack of understanding on how these clones will behave over time
1) enzymes not present with products so downstream processing cost low 2) enzymes are immediately available for reuse 3) immobilised enzymes are more stable as the matrix protects them
Penicillum are grown in culture and produces the antibiotic as a by-product of its metabolism
2) as in plants, mass genetic uniformity makes the species unable to adapt to changes in environment 3) animals may not remain healthy in the long term
7. The standard growth curve for a culture of microorganisms is labelled
Lag, Log, Stationary, Death
1) immobilisation requires additional time, equipment and materials 2) immobilised enzymes may be less active as they are held separate 3) any contamination is costly as the whole system would need to be stopped
A growth of microorganisms, this may be a single species (pure culture) or a mixed species (mixed culture), microorganisms can be cultured in a liquid such as nutrient broth or a solid surface such as nutrient agar gel
1) enzymes not present with products so downstream processing cost low 2) enzymes are immediately available for reuse 3) immobilised enzymes are more stable as the matrix protects them
8. Aseptic technique refers to
Any measure taken at any point in a biotechnological process to ensure that unwanted microorganisms do not contaminate the culture that is being grown or the products that are being extracted
A growth of microorganisms, this may be a single species (pure culture) or a mixed species (mixed culture), microorganisms can be cultured in a liquid such as nutrient broth or a solid surface such as nutrient agar gel
1) enzymes not present with products so downstream processing cost low 2) enzymes are immediately available for reuse 3) immobilised enzymes are more stable as the matrix protects them
9. Primary metabolites are
Substances produced by an organism that are part of its normal growth, they include amino acids, proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, ethanol and lactate
1) immobilisation requires additional time, equipment and materials 2) immobilised enzymes may be less active as they are held separate 3) any contamination is costly as the whole system would need to be stopped
A growth of microorganisms, this may be a single species (pure culture) or a mixed species (mixed culture), microorganisms can be cultured in a liquid such as nutrient broth or a solid surface such as nutrient agar gel
1) enzymes not present with products so downstream processing cost low 2) enzymes are immediately available for reuse 3) immobilised enzymes are more stable as the matrix protects them
10. In normal sexual reproduction, which parents mitochondrial DNA is found in offspring
Ethical objections, and some people think there is a lack of understanding on how these clones will behave over time
Only the mothers
2) as in plants, mass genetic uniformity makes the species unable to adapt to changes in environment 3) animals may not remain healthy in the long term
1) enzymes not present with products so downstream processing cost low 2) enzymes are immediately available for reuse 3) immobilised enzymes are more stable as the matrix protects them
11. Outlined steps of micropropogation: tissue culture
Refers to the separation of cells of any tissue type and their growth in or on a nutrient medium containing plant hormones that stimulate development of the complete plant
1) explant taken 2) sterilised 3) placed on nutrient growth medium 4) cells divide but do not differentiate forming callus 5) single callus cells placed on shoot growth hormones 6) then placed on root growing hormones 7) acclimatised (greenhouse)
1) Taking cuttings - a section of the stem is cut between leaf joints, treated with hormones and then planted 2) grafting - a shoot section is joined to an already growing root and stem, the graft is identical to the parent but not the rootstock
12. Immobilisation of enzymes refers to any technique where
Enzyme molecules are held, seperated from the reaction mixture, substrate molecules can bind to the enzyme molecules and the products formed go back into the reaction mixture leaving the enzyme molecules in place
A growth of microorganisms, this may be a single species (pure culture) or a mixed species (mixed culture), microorganisms can be cultured in a liquid such as nutrient broth or a solid surface such as nutrient agar gel
1) enzymes not present with products so downstream processing cost low 2) enzymes are immediately available for reuse 3) immobilised enzymes are more stable as the matrix protects them
13. In 2008 skin cells could be reprogrammed to become pluripotent, which would have less
Ethical objections, and some people think there is a lack of understanding on how these clones will behave over time
Ethical objections and if this method can be proven to be safely developed the technique could replace the nuclear transfer method
2) as in plants, mass genetic uniformity makes the species unable to adapt to changes in environment 3) animals may not remain healthy in the long term
14. A cloned animal is
Refers to the separation of cells of any tissue type and their growth in or on a nutrient medium containing plant hormones that stimulate development of the complete plant
One that has been produced using the same genetic information as another animal, such an animal has the same genotype as the donor organism
Genes, cells or whole organisms that carry identical genetic material because they are derived from the same original DNA
15. Continuous culture is where
1) enzymes not present with products so downstream processing cost low 2) enzymes are immediately available for reuse 3) immobilised enzymes are more stable as the matrix protects them
Nutrients are added and products removed at regular intervals - useful for primary metabolites
A growth of microorganisms, this may be a single species (pure culture) or a mixed species (mixed culture), microorganisms can be cultured in a liquid such as nutrient broth or a solid surface such as nutrient agar gel
16. Asepsis is
The absence of unwanted microorganisms
1) immobilisation requires additional time, equipment and materials 2) immobilised enzymes may be less active as they are held separate 3) any contamination is costly as the whole system would need to be stopped
1) enzymes not present with products so downstream processing cost low 2) enzymes are immediately available for reuse 3) immobilised enzymes are more stable as the matrix protects them
17. The disadvantages of immobilising enzymes are
1) immobilisation requires additional time, equipment and materials 2) immobilised enzymes may be less active as they are held separate 3) any contamination is costly as the whole system would need to be stopped
A growth of microorganisms, this may be a single species (pure culture) or a mixed species (mixed culture), microorganisms can be cultured in a liquid such as nutrient broth or a solid surface such as nutrient agar gel
18. The growing conditions in an industrial fermenter can be manipulated by adjusting
Temperature, type and time of nutrient, oxygen concentration, pH
A growth of microorganisms, this may be a single species (pure culture) or a mixed species (mixed culture), microorganisms can be cultured in a liquid such as nutrient broth or a solid surface such as nutrient agar gel
1) enzymes not present with products so downstream processing cost low 2) enzymes are immediately available for reuse 3) immobilised enzymes are more stable as the matrix protects them
19. There are many advantages of theraputic (non reproductive) cloning
Refers to the separation of cells of any tissue type and their growth in or on a nutrient medium containing plant hormones that stimulate development of the complete plant
1) genetically identical so will not be rejected 2) an end to waiting for donor organs 3) are totipotent so can be used for any cell reproduction 4) likely to be less dangerous than a major operation
2) as in plants, mass genetic uniformity makes the species unable to adapt to changes in environment 3) animals may not remain healthy in the long term
20. There are two main methods of artificially cloning animals
Genes, cells or whole organisms that carry identical genetic material because they are derived from the same original DNA
1) splitting embryos (artificial identical twins) 2) Nuclear transfer (using enucleated eggs like Dolly the sheep)
2) often produce proteins or chemicals that are released into the surrounding medium and can be harvested 3) can be genetically engineered to produce specific chemicals 4) not dependant on climate 5) purer products than those from chemical synthesis