Biology - Biological Molecules - Flashcards in A Level and IB Biology

A Risk Factor

Is a factor that increases your chance of developing a particular disease

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Metabolism

Is the sum total of all the biochemical reactions taking place in the cells of an organism

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Covalent Bonds

Are formed when electrons are shared between atoms. These bonds are very strong. Covalently bonded atoms form new molecules

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Carbohydrates

Make up a group of molecules containing Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen in the ratio Cn(H₂0)n

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Polysaccharides

Are polymers of monosaccharides. They consist of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides monomers bonded together to form a single large molecule

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Cellulose

Is a carbohydrate polymer made by many β-glucose molecules together in long chains

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Amino Acids

are the monomers of all proteins. All amino acids have the same basic structure. The 20 different amino acids involved in protein synthesis differ only in the R-group bonded to the central atom

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Primary Structure

Of a protein is given by the specific sequence of amino acids that make up a protein

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Secondary Structure

Refers to the coiling and pleating of parts of the polypeptide molecule

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Tertiary Structure

Refers to the overall 3D structure of the final polypeptide or protein molecule

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Haemoglobin

Is the globular transport protein.

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Collagen

Is a fibrous structural protein

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Lipids

Are a diverse group of chemicals that dissolve in organic solvents, such as alcohol, but not in water. They include fatty acids, triglycerides and cholesterol

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Hydrogen Bond

Is a weal interaction that can occur wherever molecules contain a slightly negatively charged atom bonded to a slightly positively charged hydrogen. Water molecules hydrogen-bond with each other extensively

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Food Tests

Are simple tests that show the presence of various biological molecules in samples or structures. Iodine can stain plan tissue sections to show where starch is

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Nucleotides

Are the monomers of all nucleic acids. Each nucleotide is formed by bonding together a phosphate group, a sugar molecules and a nitrogenous base

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DNA

Is a stable polynucleotide molecule. it acts as an information store because the bases projecting from the backbone act a coded sequence. Organisms differ in their DNA only because they contain different sequences of bases in the DNA

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Gene

Is a length of DNA that codes for one polypeptides. Each gene occupies a specific place on a chromosome. Different versions of the same gene are called alleles

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Catalyst

is defined as a molecule that speeds up a chemical reaction but does not get used up in the reaction. at the end of the reaction the catalyst remains unchanged

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Extracellular

Enzymes catalyse reaction outside the cell

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Intracellular

Enzymes catalyse reactions inside the cell

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Activation Energy

Is the amount of energy that must be applied for a reaction to proceed. Different reactions require different levels of activation energy. Enzymes reduce the amount of activation energy needed to allow a reaction to proceed

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Denaturation

Changes the tertiary structure on an enzyme such that it cannot function and its function cannot be restored. It does not change the primary structure of an enzyme.

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Optimum pH

Is the pH value at which the rate of any enzyme-controlled reaction is at a maximum. Each enzyme has a specific optimum pH

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Limiting Factor

A factor described as a limiting factor in a situation where, if all other conditions are kept constant, increasing the factor alone will increase the reaction rate

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Enzyme Inhibator

Is any substance or molecule that slows down the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction by affecting the enzyme molecule in some way

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Cofactor

Is any substance that must be present to ensure enzyme-controlled reaction take place at the appropriate rate.

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Biosensor

Uses enzyme-controlled reactions to detect the presence of substances in a highly sensitive and specific way. If the substance is present, the enzyme-controlled reaction takes place. The biosensor has a mechanism for revealing whether product is made

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Turnover number

Of an enzyme is the number of reactions an enzyme molecule can catalyse in one second. In a catalase the turnover number is up to 200,000

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Biology - Biological Molecules

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