Biology: B7

1) Name three components of blood

Cells, Platelets and Plasma

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2)Describe the function of Red Blood Cells

Red Blood Cells-They transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. They have no nucleus so that they can carry more haemoglobin which binds with oxygen. They are a biconclave shape so they have a larger surface area for exchanging oxygen.

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3)Describe the function of white blood cells

They help fight infection by protecting our bodies from attack from microorganisms

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4)Describe the function of Plasma

It is a liquid that carries nutrients such as glucose and amino acids as well as antibodies, hormones and waste such as carbon dioxide and urea.

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5)Describe the function of Platelets

They are small fragments of cells that helps blood to clot at the site of wounds

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6)Give two features of red blood cells that make them ideal for carrying oxygen

The are a biconclave shape and they have no nucleus

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7)what is meant by a double circulatory system?

a double circulatory system are two circuits joined together. the first pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and the other pumps oxygenated blood around the body

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8)Name the arteries that carries blood to the lungs and body.

Pulmonary Artery - Lungs and Aorta - Body

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9)What do the valves in the heart and veins do?

They stop the backflow of blood

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10)Describe the journey of blood through the heart

Deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from vena cava. Blood goes to the right ventricle which goes to the lungs from the PA. The PV receives oxygenated blood to the LA. Blood moves to the LV and is pumped round the body via the aorta.

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11)Which ventricle is thicker and why?

The left ventricle is thicker because it has to pump blood around the body whereas the right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs

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12)Describe how tissue fluid is formed

As blood passes through capillary beds, small molecules ( water, glucose and oxygen) are forced out of the capillaries to form the tissue fluid.

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13)What is the function of tissue fluid?

Tissue fluid allows cells to get the substances they need and get rid of waste without the capillary supplying every single cell.

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14)Give two ways of reducing friction in joints

Cartilage reduces friction as well as synovial fluid which lubricates the joints.

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15)Describe how a pair of muscles move a bone up and down

when one muscle in a pair contracts, the joint moves in one direction. When the other muscle contracts, it moves in the opposite direction. These are called antagonistic pairs.

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16)Name three things a fitness practitioner needs to know when developing an exercise regime

They need to know if a patient has any health problems, if they are on any current medication and their family medical history

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17)Why does a fitness practitioner need to know these things?

HP- So they know what will affect their ability to exercise. CM- Some medicines affect a persons ability to exercise. FMH- Illnesses often run in families

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18)What is the recovery period?

The time it takes for your heart rate to return to its resting rate after exercise

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19)Give two ways of measuring fitness

Body mass index (BMI) and Proportion of body fat.

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20)Give 3 common injuries resulting from excessive exercise

A sprain, Dislocations, torn ligaments severe pains and torn tendons

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21)Describe how to treat a sprain

Rest to avoid further damage especially in the first 24 hours. Put ice on the affected area to reduce swelling and blood flow to the area. Compress the injured area to reduce swelling and prevent extra damage and Elevate the injured area

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22)Name the area of the brain that detects the temperature of the blood

The Hypothalamus

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23)Describe the body's responses when its temperature increases

Temperature receptors detect that the body temp is too high. the hypothalamus recieves the information from the TR and triggers effectors. The effectors (e.g sweat glands) produce a response and counteracts the change

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24)Describe Vasodilation

When you are too hot, blood vessels get bigger in diameter. This means that more blood gets to the surface of the skin and the warm blood loses skin to the environment

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25)Describe Vasoconstriction

When your body is too cold, blood vessels close to the skin get smaller in diameter. This means that less blood gets to the surface of the skin and the blood loses less heat to its surroundings.

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26)Describe the function of insulin

Blood sugar levels rises rapidly, the pancreas releases insulin, the sugar is removed from the blood and the blood sugar levels fall.

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27)What is type 1 diabetes

In type 1 diabetes, the person stops producing insulin altogether. This can cause blood sugar levels to rise dangerously high. It can be treated by shots of the right amount of insulin at mealtimes to make sure the body does not remove too much sugar

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28)What is type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is usually caused by a bad diet or being obese later on in life. This occurs when the body no longer responds to its own insulin or doesn't make enough insulin. A healthy diet or regular exercise can control this

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29)How can Type 2 diabetes be controlled?

By eating foods high in fibres as these are complex carbohydrates. They are digested slower than simple sugars so that blood sugars are absorbed into the blood over a longer period of time. This means that blood sugar levels rises slower.

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30)Give five features of microorganisms that make them ideal for use in biotechnology

They reproduce rapidly, They have plasmids which can be genetically modified, their biochemistry is quite simple, they can make complex molecules and there are no ethical problems with using them

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31)Name one medicine that is produced on a large scale by microorganisms

Antibiotics such as penicillin. This is made by growing a penicillium mould in a fementer

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32)Describe two ways that microorganisms are involved in the production of food

A type of single cell protein made by fungi is used to make meat substitutes like Quorn. Enzymes are needed to make some foods like cheese. Traditionally cheese is made using a mix of enzymes called rennet from the lining of a calf's stomach.

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33)What is Chymosin?

It is an important enzyme in rennet that can be produced by genetically modified microorganisms in large quantities. It is used as a vegetarian substitute for rennet.

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34)Name five products that microorganisms are grown on a large scale to make

Antibiotics, Food from fungi, Enzymes for making food, Enzymes for washing powder and Biofuels

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35)What is genetic modification?

Genetic modification is when a gene from one organism is transfered to another

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36)Outline the stages involved in the genetic modification of a bacteria cell

The desirable gene is identified and isolated. It is then replicated. Each replicated gene is joined to a vector which makes it easier to insert into the new cell.Not all the new cells will be modified so those modified are selected

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37)What is a vector?

It is a plasmid or a virus that a desirable gene is attached to so that it can be inserted into a new cell when genetic modification is taking place. Not all cells are modified as the vector may not have been transferred properly.

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38)Give an example of applications of genetic modification

The gene for human insulin production can be placed in a bacteria which is grown in a fermenter. The insulin is simply extracted as it is produced. The insulin is exactly the same as human insulin=less chance of allergic reaction

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39)Give another example of applications of genetic modification

Genetic modification means that we can make crops resistant to weed killers. However people fear that weeds may also become resistant making them harder to kill.

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40)Outline the stages involved in genetic testing

Take a DNA sample isolated from white blood cells . Make a gene probe. This is a strand of bases that are complementary to the faulty gene your are looking for. Lastly, mix the gene probe with the DNA and if the DNA is present it will stick to the it

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41)Give 2 uses of nanotechnology in the food industry

Nano technology can be used to improve food packaging to make food last longer. It can also be used to change the packaging depending on the conditions of the food. E.g if the food goes bad, the packaging changes colour.

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42)Describe how stem cell technology can be used to treat leukaemia

Bone marrow transplants can be used to treat leukaemia. Bone marrow contains stem cells which can become specialised to form any type of blood cells which can also be transplanted into leukaemia patients

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43)What is a perfect closed loop system

In a perfect closed loop system, all outputs in the system are recycled as they are used as inputs in other processes or stores in systems. There are no wastes or inputs in perfect closed loop systems.

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44)Give 3 examples of waste products in naturalecosystems

Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Dead organic matter

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45)How are they used by other other organisms in the ecosystem

Oxygen- Used by plants, animals and microorganisms as a reactant in respiration. CO2- Used as a reactant by plants during photosynthesis. DOM- Used by microorganisms as food

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46)Why do some organisms produce loads of reproductive structures?

This is because many of these structures wont grow into adult organisms

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47)Explain why this strategy isn't wasteful in stable ecosystems

This is because these reproductive structures are recycled in the ecosystem. E.g they're eaten by other organisms

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48)What is bioaccumulation?

Heavy metal waste is eaten by small organisms, and stored in its tissue in small amounts. Predators eat alot of these so a larger amount of heavy metal is in their tissue, which could kill it. As you go up the food chain,the amount of waste increases

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49)Describe one other way that humans unbalance the ecosystem

humans unbalance the ecosystem by using fossil fuels. They produce waste emissions that can't be used again. They input energy into the system from outside the system. Fossil fuels can't be made again within the system

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50)Name three things that humans need ecosystems for

They need the ecosystem for water, clean air and food

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51)Suggest two ways that humans can use the resources in an ecosystem sustainably

They could have a fishing/hunting quota in order to prevent over fishing or risk the extinction of certain animals. They can also plant new trees when they cut down other trees to make paper or to get wood

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52)Suggest a reason why humans might choose not to protect an ecosystem

Humans might choose not to protect an ecosystem because they may need what the ecosystem produces in order to ensure their survival.

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Biology: B7

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