Biology B6

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What is a simple animal?
An animal like a woodlouse that relies on simple reflexes to live.
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What is a complex animal?
An animal that has more complex behaviour than a simple animal and doesn't just rely on simple reflexes.
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Name two human simple reflexes?
The gag reflex and the pupil reflex.
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What are the six neonatal reflexes?
Stepping, Rooting, Grasping, Sucking, Startling and Swimming.
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Why are premature babies more at risk from SIDS (cot death) than babies born at the correct time?
Because it is less likely to have grown out of the fetal reflex.
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What are receptors?
Things that detect stimuli both outside and inside your body.
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What is an effector in a multicellular organism?
Either glands or muscles.
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What is the difference between hormones and nerve impulses?
Nerve impulses bring about short lived effects such as a muscle contraction, whereas hormones bring about long term effects such as an increase in growth rate.
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What are nerves?
Bundles of specialised cells called neurons.
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What is an axon?
A long thin extension on the cytoplasm.
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What do axons do?
They carry electrical nerve impulses.
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What is the fatty sheath used for?
It insulates the axons and increases the speed impulses move along the axon.
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What are the five stages in the reflex arc?
1) Receptor. 2) Sensory neuron. 3) Relay neuron. 4) Motor neuron. 5) Reaction to stimulus.
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What is a synapse?
A gap between neurons.
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Page 174?
Synapse diagram.
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How does prozac work?
It causes a build up of serotonin by blocking the re-uptake of serotonin from a synapse to a sensory neuron.
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What are the five main functions of the cerebral cortex?
Consciousness, intelligence, language, thoughts/feelings and learning.
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Explain the Pavlov's Dog experiment?
Pavlov's dog salivated when presented with food. Every time the dog ate, Pavlov rang a bell. After a while, the dog would salivate when he heard the ring of the bell. The dog had linked the ringing of the bell to food, which is a conditioned reflex.
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Give an example of a modified reflex?
Picking up a hot plate and holding onto it because you don't want to drop your dinner.
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How does learning happen?
The first time a new experience is set up, new neuron pathways are created in your brain. If you repeat this experience again and again, this neuron pathway will become stronger and stronger.
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Why does visualisation work?
Because visualising doing something such as a dance move will trigger nerve impulses to the muscle that would be used. This makes the pathways the impulse takes much stronger.
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What is a sensory memory store?
It's the ability to store images or sound for a short amount of time in your head. This is why you can write in the air with sparklers.
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Why does chunking work well for short term memory?
It works well because if you try and remember nine letters consecutively it is very difficult because you short term memory is not very big, however your short term memory finds it easy to remember 3 letters, so you can remember 3 letters 3 times.
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Page 187?
Multistore model - memory.
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Card 2

Front

What is a complex animal?

Back

An animal that has more complex behaviour than a simple animal and doesn't just rely on simple reflexes.

Card 3

Front

Name two human simple reflexes?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are the six neonatal reflexes?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Why are premature babies more at risk from SIDS (cot death) than babies born at the correct time?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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