Biology (B5) GCSE Revision cards

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  • Created by: Beth
  • Created on: 10-02-13 17:38
what are both the cartilage and bone?
they are both living tissues
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what can the cartilage and bone both do?
although they are both sesceptible to infection, they can grow and repair themselves
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what does the skeleton start off as, and what is it replaced by?
the skeleton starts off as cartilage which is slowly replaced by calcium and phosphorus
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what can be determined by the amount of cartilage present?
whether a person is still growing or not
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how do the biceps and triceps opperate?
antagonistically to bend or straighten the arm, this is an example of a lever
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can bones be broken from a sharp knock?
yes - despite being very strong
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what are the two different types of skeleton?
internal skeleton and external skeleton
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give some advantages of internal and external skeletons
internal - more flexible and can repair itself external - protecting
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what is ossification?
as you grow, cartilage is replaced by bone, blood vessels deposit calcium and phosphorus in the cartilage - which eventually turns into bone.
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what is the synovial fluid for?
the membranes at joints release oily synovial fluid to lubricate the joints, allowing them to move more easily
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what is the cartilage for?
it is there to stop the bones rubbing together, as well as sometimes being a shock absorber
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what is linked to activity?
the heart rate
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what are artificial pacemakers?
it is a machine that can be used to control the heartbeat when the pacemaker cells do not work properly
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what two techniques are used to investigate heart action?
ECG and echocardiograms
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how can heart rate be increased?
it can be increased by the hormone adrenaline
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what is a single circulatory system?
a circulatory system where you need a two chambered heart
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what is a double circulatory system?
a circulatory system where one circuit goes to the body and the other to the lungs
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what is a difference between the single and double circulatory system?
blood is under a higher pressure in a double compared to a single and this allows materials to be transported more quickly around the body
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how do pacemaker cells work?
the cells (SAN and AVN) coordinate heart muscle contraction by producing a small electrical current
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how is the AVN stimulated?
impulses from the SAN cause the atria to contract and stimulate the AVN
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what causes the ventricles to react/
impulses from the AVN
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what is there as well as heart transplants?
there are heart assist devices
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what is haemophilia?
it is an inherited condition in which the blood does not easily clot
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what drugs are used to control clotting?
Warfarin and aspirin
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what determines whether a blood transfusion is successful?
the presence of agglutinins in red blood cells and blood serum determines how blood groups react. Unsuccessful blood transfusions cause agglutination
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decribe blood group A?
A - it has A antigens and anti-B antibodies
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describe blood groub B?
B - B antigens and anti-A antibodies
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describe blood group AB?
AB - A and B anitgens and no antibodies
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describe blood group O?
O - no antigens and anti-A and anti-B antibodies
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what is a blood clot?
it is when platelets in contact with damaged blood vessels cause a series of chemical reactions leading to the formation of a mesh of fibrin fibres
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what restricts amphibians and fish to their habitat?
methods of gas exchange restrict them i.e. amphibians need moist habitats, fish gills only work in water
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what does the permeable akin of amphibians do?
it makes them susceptible to excessive water loss
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how do fish gills work?
by forcing water across the filaments
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when does gaseous exchange occur?
within the alveoli by diffusion between air and blood
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why are gaseous exchange surfaces adapted?
they are adapted for efficient gaseous exchange in the following ways: permeable, moist surface, large surface area, good blood supply and thin lining
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what causes are there for different lung diseases?
industrial causes (such as asbestosis), genetic causes (such as cystic fibrosis), and life style (such as lung cancer)
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what is asbestosis?
it is a lung disease that results in inflammation and scarring which limits gas exchange
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what does systic fibrosis result in?
too much mucus in the bronchioles
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what is lung cancer?
a disease when cells grow rapidly reducing surface area in the lungs
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what are some symptoms of asthma?
difficulty breathing, wheezing, tight chest and can be treated with inhalers
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what happens during an asthma attack?
the lining of the airways becomes inflamed, fluid builds up in the airways and muscles around the bronchioles contract constricting airways
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what is the importance of physical digestion?
it is so food can pass more easily through the digestion system and to provide a larger serface area
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how are carbohydrates, proteins and fats digested?
they are digested by specialised enzymes in the mouth, stomach and small intestine; carbohydrase breaks down starch to sugar, protease breaks down protein to amino acids, and lipase breaks down fat to fattyacids and glycerol
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what does the stomach acid do?
aids protease function
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decribe the breakdown of starch?
the breakdown of starch into maltose and maltose into glucose
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what happens to small digested food molecules?
they are absorbed into the blood plasma or lymph in the small intestine by diffusion
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what does the gross structure of a kidney and assosiated blood vessels include?
cortex, medulla, ureter, renal artery and renal vein
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how do kidneys work?
they work by filtering blood at high pressure, and re-absorbing water a useful substances
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what happens with urea?
it is produced in the liver and is removed from the blood by the kidneys
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decribe the structure of the kidney tubule?
it is related to filtration of the blood and formation of urine. It consists of: a filter unit of glomerulus and capsule, a region for selective re-absorbtion, and a region for salt and water regulation
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how is the concentration of urine contolled?
by the anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) released by the pituitary gland
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what does ADH do?
it increases the permeability of kidney tubules so more water is reabsorbed back into the blood
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how is ADH production controlled?
the production of ADH is controlled by a negative feedback system
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how are increased CO2 levels in the blood detected?
by the brain and the body responding by increasing the rate of breathing
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what are the hormones in the menstrual cycle and explain their roles:
oestrogen - causes the repair of the uterus wall, progesterone - maintains the uterus wall, FSH - stimulates an egg to develope, LH - controls ovulation
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where are FSH and LH released?
they are released by the pituitary gland in the brain
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why can foetal development be checked?
it can be checked to identify conditiond such as Down's syndrome using amniocentesis and chromosomal analysis
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How can fertility in humand be controlled?
it can be controlled by the artificial use of sex hormones in the contraceptive pill and fertility drugs
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how can fertility be reduced?
by the use of female hormones which prevent ovulation by mimicking pregnancy - inhibiting FSH release
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how are extremes of height usually caused?
by genes or hormone inbalance
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do different parts of a foetus and a baby grow at different rates?
yes
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why is a baby's length, mass and head size regularly monitored during their first months?
to provide early warning of growth problems
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what are some possible causes of the increase in life expectancy?
less industrial disease, healthier diet and life style, modern treatments and cures for disease and better housing
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how is the human growth hormone produced?
by the pituitary gland and it stimulates general growth especially in long bones
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what are some possible problems in the supply of donor organs?
shortage of donors, tissue match, and size and age
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what are some possible problems in using mechanical replacements?
size, power supply, materials used and body reactions
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what can the cartilage and bone both do?

Back

although they are both sesceptible to infection, they can grow and repair themselves

Card 3

Front

what does the skeleton start off as, and what is it replaced by?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what can be determined by the amount of cartilage present?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

how do the biceps and triceps opperate?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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