Biology B3

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What type of membrane is the cell membrane?
Partially permeable membrane
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Why does active transport require energy?
The particles are being absorbed against a concentration gradient
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Why is glucose used during exercise?
Glucose is used in the process of respiration to release energy
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How are mineral ions lost from the body during exercise?
During sweating
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Which structures increase the surface area of the lungs
Alveoli
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Which muscles contract when you breath in?
Intercostal muscle and diaphragm
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Give one advantage of a positive pressure breathing aid compared with the iron lung
Much smaller/Can be used at home/Controlled by computers to give right amount of ait
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Give two features of the villi which make them efficient exchange surfaces
large surface area, thin walls, good blood supply
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Why do leaves have stomata?
Allow gases to diffuse in and out of the leaf
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By what process does water vapour move out of the leaves?
Diffusion
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In what way is osmosis different to diffusion?
Diffusion is the movement of any particles. Osmosis is only the movement of water
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Give an example of when active transport is carried out by cells
Used by roots to absorb mineral ions
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What is meant by 'against a concentration gradient'?
Particles move from a region lower concentration to a region of higher concentration
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Name the exchange surfaces in the lungs and intestine
Lungs: alveoli. Small intestine: villi
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What are the features of an efficient exchange surface?
Large surface area, thin walls, short diffusion path, good transport system
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Describe the process involved in breathing in
Rib muscles contract, diaphragm contracts. Ribcage moves up and out. Diaphragm flattens; increases volume inside of chest, decreases pressure. Air forced into lungs
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Which sort of patients benefit from an iron lung machine?
Patients who are paralysed and cannot breath for themselves
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How is the surface area of a root increased and why is this important?
By the root hair cells which have projections called root hairs to absorb water and mineral ions from the soil
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Why is the rate of transpiration higher on a bright day?
The plant is photosynthesising at a faster rate and needs to take in more CO2. Stomata will be open as wide as possible
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On humid days, the rate of transpiration is slow even when it is hot. Explain why
Air already contains a lot of water vapour, so there is not a steep concentration gradient. Diffusion of water vapour is reduced
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What is the function of valves in the heart?
Valves prevent the backflow of blood
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What is the difference in structure between an artery and vein?
Arteries have thicker walls then veins. Veins have valves along there lengths; arteries do not
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Why are stents used?
To open blood vessels which have been narrowed by fatty deposits
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Name a gas transported by plasma
Carbon dioxide
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What is the function of platelets?
Help blood clot at the site of wound
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Why is plasma given to patients?
In emergency to increase blood volume when a lot of blood have been lost by patient
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What are the advantages of an artificial heart?
Don't need to match persons tissue, no need for immunosuppressant drugs, available when not enough donars
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What are the names of the two transport tissues in flowering plants?
Xylem and Phloem
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Which type of blood vessel exchanges materials with the cells?
Capillaries
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What is the name of the red pigment in red blood cells?
Haemoglobin
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Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?
Arteries
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Why does blood only flow in one direction?
Valves prevent backflow
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What is the function of white blood cells?
Part of the bodies defence system
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What is transported in A) xylem B) phloem
A) Xylem transports water and mineral ions through the plant B) Phloem transports sugars
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Why do humans have a double circulation?
Blood must be circulated to the lungs to become oxygenated. Oxygenated blood must be returned to heart and pumped round body
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Some patients are fitted with a stent in a coronary artery. Explain why.
The stent keeps the coronary artery open so the oxygenated blood can flow to the heart
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Why has it been necessary to develop artificial hearts?
Not enough heart donors for the number of patients that who have heart disease + require a new heart
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If you were designing an artificial heart, what key features would you include?
Need two pumps, one to pump blood to the lungs the other to pump blood to the rest of the body. Need valves to prevent back flow. Made of materials that don't cause immune reaction.
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Where is urea made?
Urea is made in the liver
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What two processes occur in the kidney to make urine?
Filtration of the blood and reabsorption of substances needed in the body
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What is the purpose of dialysis?
Dialysis removes urea from the blood
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What are antigens?
Proteins on the surface of cells
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What is the main advantage of a kidney transplant compared with dialysis?
The patient doesn't have to be attached to a machine every few days
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Where is blood temperature monitored?
In the thermoregulatory centre in the brain
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Explain why sweating cools the body
The water in the sweat evaporates. Energy from the skin is used to turn water into water vapour so skin cools
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Why is it important to cary a donor card or tell your family you want to be a donor?
Donors are usually people who have been killed in an accident. Distressing for families ti make decisions just after losing a close relative
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Which hormone reduces the level of glucose in the blood?
Insulin
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Name two methods that are being developed to treat type 1 diabetes
Pancreas transplants, transplanting pancreas cells, genetically engineering pancreas cells to make them work
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Why must urea be removed from the blood?
Urea is a poisonous substance
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Suggest why the kidneys reabsorb glucose.
Glucose is needed by the body for respiration
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Glucose and mineral ions can be reabsorbed by the kidney against a concentration gradient. What process will be used to do this?
Active transport
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What type of membrane is used in a dialysis machine?
Partially permeable membrane
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The body may reject a transplanted kidney. How is rejection prevented?
Immunosuppressant drugs are given to the patient
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Explain what is meant by a 'good tissue match'
Surface of cells have proteins called antigens attached to them. Antibodies recognise foreign antigens and attack them. If donor has similar antigens to recipient the antibodies will not attack.
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Why is it dangerous if the body is too hot or too cold?
Enzymes won't work. Too hot - they denature. Too cold - Work too slowly.
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What is the function of glucagon?
Causes glycogen to be turned into glucose which enters the blood and raises blood sugar levels
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Insulin is a protein which is given as injections to people with type 1 diabetes. Insulin can not be given as tablets. Why?
The insulin would be digested by proteases in the stomach and would not work
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What effect do diet and levels of exercise have on blood glucose levels?
Eating carbs/sugars increases sugar levels in the blood. Reducing carbs helps keeps it down. Increased exercise means more glucose is used by cells and blood sugar falls
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Why does building houses for humans affect animals and plants?
Land has to be cleared, destroys there habitats
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Why does landfill cause pollution?
Toxins leak out into the surrounding soil and underground water
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How are birds affected by acid rain?
Damage to trees means birds lose food and habitats
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Which process removes carbon dioxide from the air?
Photosynthesis
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Which process causes the release of carbon dioxide from peat?
Decay by microorganisms
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How is carbon dioxide sequestered?
Carbon dioxide is removed from the air by plants in photosynthesis and by dissolving in oceans, rivers and lakes.
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Why might sea levels rise in the future?
If the climate gets warmer the ice will melt
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How is ethanol extracted from the fermenter?
By distillation
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Which gas is the fuel in biogas?
Methane
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Why are farm animals sometimes kept in warm sheds?
Prevent them using energy for movement, and to maintain their body temp. Energy used for growing.
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Why can't fishermen remove small, young fish?
Population could be extinct if young fish don't grow and reproduce
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What type of food is produced by fusarium?
Mycoprotein
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Why do humans build dams?
Build reservoirs to store water for human consumption
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What are herbicides?
Chemicals used to kill weeds
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Which gas causes acid rain?
Sulfer dioxide
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Why does acid rain often fall a great distance from where it was produced?
The clouds of gas are blown by the wind
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How do soil fertilisers cause damage to rivers?
Contains nitrates. Large amounts of nitrate enter river (alters balance of chemicals in water)
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How is methane produced?
Methane is produced by cattle and from growing rice.
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When trees are cut down, carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. Why?
Burning the trees releases CO2. When trees decay, CO2 is released due to respiration of microorganisms
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Explain why using using ethanol-based fuels can be described as being carbon neutral
Plants are grown which use carbon dioxide from air during photosynthesis. Burning ethanol releases the same amount of CO2 that was absorbed from hair to begin with.
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Why must biogas be produced anaerobically?
If produced aerobically is would produce carbon dioxide and not methane
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Give three factors which must be controlled in an industrial fermenter that produces mycoprotein
Oxygen levels, pH, temperature
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Why do many scientists think that human activities are causing global warming?
Human activities cause an increase in in greenhouse gases. Energy is radiated back to Earth from the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and warms the planet.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Why does active transport require energy?

Back

The particles are being absorbed against a concentration gradient

Card 3

Front

Why is glucose used during exercise?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How are mineral ions lost from the body during exercise?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Which structures increase the surface area of the lungs

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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