Biology B2

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List the structures which are found in both animal and plant cells
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondira, ribosomes
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Give 3 features of a plant or algal cell which are not found in animal cells
permanent vacuole, cell wall, chlorophyll, chloroplasts
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Where do mist chemical reactions take place in a cell?
Cytoplasm
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Name three organs in the human digestive system
Stomach, Kidney, Liver
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What chemical produced by the liver aids digestion
Bile
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Give two differences between a plant leaf cell and a yeast cell
Yeast is a single celled organism and it doesn't contain mitochondria or ribosomes
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When, and in which direction will difusion take place in solutions and in gases
Move from an area of high concentration to low concentration if separated by a cell membrane or in air when its gas
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What is meant by the term 'differentiation in cells'?
When a cell starts to divide they are very similar. As the tissues develop the cells change to form specific cells for specific functions
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How is a leaf cell adapted to carry out photosynthesis?
The leaf has mesophyll tissue. This contains chlorophyll which can photosynthesise
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Describe in detail what happens to food as it passes through the digestive system
insoluble food mixed with digestive juices produced by glands. digested in stomach and small intestine Bile produced by liver is added helps digestion. Absorption of soluble food takes place in small intestine. Water is absorbed by large intestine
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In which part of the cell is energy released during respiration?
mitochondria
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Why is it possible to see a bacterial colony but not a single bacterium?
One bacterium is very tiny
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Why do muscle cells need a lot of mitochondria?
Mitochondria release energy with muscles need to move
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What determines the net movement of particles across a cell membrane?
The concentration on either side of the membrane
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What does glandular tissue produce?
Enzymes or hormones
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Where is soluble food absorbed?
In the small intestine
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Where does the energy for photosynthesis come from?
Sunlight
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Why do enzyme reactions slow down?
When the temp falls the enzymes work slower.
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What is meant by the term 'independent variable'?
The variable that is being measured
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Name 3 substances used for storage in plants
Starch, fats and oils
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What factors must be controlled in a greenhouse to improve plant growth?
LIght, Temp and Carbon Dioxide
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Why are there so few animals living in very cold regions such as the arctic?
Very few plants grow there, so there isn't much food for animals
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What is a quadrat?
A square frame that can be divided into a grid
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How can you make an Investigation is valid?
Only the independent variable should affect the result, all other variables should be controlled
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Name the solution used to test for starch
Iodine Solution
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What is the result of the iodine test for starch?
Regions containing starch will turn blue/black. Regions without stach will go yellow/brown
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What is the equation for photosynthesis?
CO2 + H2O ---- Glucose + Oxygen
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Give three physical factors which affect the distribution of plants
Temp, availability of nutrients, amount of water, oxygen + CO2
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Why would there be little point in heating a greenhouse on a summer day?
Hot enough. Heating it would be a waste of energy
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What is meant by the term 'limiting factor' in photosynthesis?
Factors that slow down the rate of photosynthesis
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How can you use a quadrat to make a line transect?
Line marked between two points and then the quadrat is placed at regular intervals along the line
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Why is it difficult to be sure an investigation in outdoor habitats is valid?
A lot of variables that are difficult to control
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What is meant by 'reproducible' results?
If the investigation is repeated and the same results are obtained
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What are proteins made of?
Long chain amino acids
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What is meant by the term 'denatured'?
The protein/enzyme will change shape and stop working
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Which enzyme digests starch?
Amylase
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Where is bile produced?
The liver
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Which enzyme is used to convert glucose into fructose?
Isomerase
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How do enzymes get into rivers?
via sewage systems
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Which two factors can alter the shape of an enzyme?
Temp and pH
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Where is amylase produced?
Pancreas, Small intestine and Salivary glands
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What are the products of lipid (fat) digestion?
Fatty acids and glycerol
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Which acid is produced by the stomach?
Hydrochloric Acid
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What is the function of bile?
Bile neutralises acid from the stomach when food passes through small intestine
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Why are proteases used in baby food?
Pre-digest the protein so the baby can absorb is more easily
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Give two types of reaction controlled by enzymes in the cells
Builds large molecules from small molecules. Changes one molecule into another
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Why does increasing the temp increase the rate of reaction?
Molecules have more energy, so move faster and collide more often
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Give an advantage of using enzyme in industry
Can diagnose, control and even cure disease.
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Give a disadvantage of using enzyme in industry
Costly to produce. Can enter waterways. Denature at high temps which can be needed to kill germs
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Why do biological washing powders work more effectively than non-biological?
Enzymes speed up the digestion of stains
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Where does aerobic respiration take place?
In the mitochondria
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Which sugar is needed by the muscles for aerobic respiration?
Glucose
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What does the term 'aerobic' mean?
Using oxygen
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What is meant by 'anaerobic' respiration ?
Respiration without oxygen
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What do muscle cells need more of during exercise?
Energy
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What are the two waste products of of aerobic respiration?
Carbon Dioxide and Water
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Which substance is stored in the muscles and can be converted into glucose?
Glycogen
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What is the equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + O2 ----- CO2 + H2O (+Energy)
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Why do muscles become fatigued during vigorous exercise?
Lactic acid builds up in the muscles
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What changes occur to the breathing and heart rate during exercise?
They both increase
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Why do blood vessels in the muscles dilate during exercise?
A bigger blood supply can get the muscle cells to provide oxygen and glucose more quickly and remove CO2 faster
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Explain what is meant by 'oxygen debt'
The amount of oxygen needed to break down the lactic acid produced during anaerobic respiration
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Which type of cell division produces two identical cells from the original cells?
Mitosis
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What type of cells are produced by meiosis?
Sex cells / gametes (sperm and egg)
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Explain how four gametes are formed from one cell
Two sets of cell division. A body cell divides into two and divides again
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Where are stem cells found in adult humans?
Bone marrow
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Which scientist worked out how characteristics are inherited?
Mendel
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What does a gene code for?
The order of amino acids in a protein
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Which sex chromosomes are found in human males?
X and Y
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What is meant by the term 'phenotype'?
Description of the physical characteristics
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Name a genetic disorder which is controlled by the dominant male
Polydactyly (baby is born with extra fingers or toes)
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What are the chances of a child having cystic fibrosis is one parent has the disorder and the other person is hetererozygous?
50%
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What is embryo screening?
Tests carried out to pre diagnose certain disorders
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Why do cells divide by mitosis?
To produce identical cells for growth and to replace other cells
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How many chromosomes does a human have in each body cell?
23 pairs (46)
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Which type of cell division produces sex cells
Meiosis
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What molecule are genes made of?
DNA
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What are 'alleles'?
Different forms of a gene
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Why does sexual reproduction result in variation?
Genetic material from two parents is brought together
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Explain why offspring produced by asexual reproduction are genetically identical
Cells from ONE parent divide to make identical cells
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What is meant by the term 'genotype'?
Types of genes present in the cell
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What do we mean by a 'heterozygous' individual?
The person has one dominant allele and one recessive allele for a condition
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Chances of a child having polydactyly if 1 parent is heterozygous and the other is homozygous recessive?
50% as the dominant gene controls the condition
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Name a hard part of an animal which will not decay easily?
Bones, teeth, shells, claws
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Why are some fossils destroyed over time?
Geological activity breaks them up or wears them away
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How can a new predator cause extinction of a species?
Eats all the animals
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Suggest a factor which could of caused the dinosaurs to die out
A new disease being introduced. Unlikely to be predator because dinos were top of the food chain
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How do populations become isolated?
Islands break away from mainland. New rivers, mountains or craters form
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What is meant by genetic variation?
The wide range of alleles that control characteristics in a population
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How old is the Earth?
4.5 billion years
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When do we think life on earth began?
3.5 billion years
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How are fossils dated?
It's possible to date the rocks so the fossils are the same age as rocks they are preserved in
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Why are there no fossils of early life forms?
Early life forms were soft bodied and did not form fossils
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How might a new competitor cause the extinction of a species?
Original species may be left with too little to eat
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Suggest two ways that people can cause the extinction of some species
Hunting them for food. Removing there habitat. Polluting the environment. Introducing new disease
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What are the two main ideas put foreword for the extinction of dinos?
Giant asteroid colliding with earth; due to sea ice melting and cooling sea temp by 9degrees
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What is meant by 'geographical isolation'?
2 populations of an organism become separated and live in two different regions
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What are the stages of speciation?
genetic variation in 2 populations. alleles are selected which give advantage. Interbreeding no longer possible = new species
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Give 3 features of a plant or algal cell which are not found in animal cells

Back

permanent vacuole, cell wall, chlorophyll, chloroplasts

Card 3

Front

Where do mist chemical reactions take place in a cell?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Name three organs in the human digestive system

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What chemical produced by the liver aids digestion

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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