Biology Additional

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Nucleus
A nucleus controls the cell's activities.
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Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is where many chemical reactions take place.
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Cell Membrane
A cell membrane controls the movement of materials in and out of a cell.
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Mitochondria
Mitochondria releases energy during aerobic respiration.
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Ribosomes
Ribosomes is where protein synthesis takes place.
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Cell wall
Made of cellulose a cell wall is for support.
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Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis; the chloroplasts absorb light energy to make food.
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Permanent vacuole
A permanent vacuole containing sap.
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Bacteria - genetic material
A bacterias genetic material is in the cytoplasm.
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Yeast - cells?
Yeast is a single cell organism, yeast cells have a necleus, cytoplasm and a membrance surrounded by a cell wall.
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Neurons
Neurons are specialised to carry impluses from receptors to the CNS.
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Muscle tissue
Contract to bring about movement - animal
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Glandular tissue
To produce substances such as enzymes or hormones - animal
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Epithelial tissue
Covers some parts of the body - animal
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Epidermal tissue
Covers the plant - plant
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Mesophyll
can photosynthesis - plant
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Xylem and Phloem
Transport substances around the plant -plant
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Stomach - muscular tissue
To churn the stomach contents
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Stomach - glandular tissue
To produce digestive juices
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Stomach - epithelial tissue
To cover the outside and the inside of the stomach
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Digestive system - glands
Pancreas and salivary glands which produce digestive juices
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Digestive system - stomach
Stomach and small intestine where digestion occurs
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Digestive system - liver
The liver produces bile
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Digestive system - small intestine
The small intestine is where digestion occurs
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Digestive system - large intestine
The large intestine is where water is absrobed from the undigested food.
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Photosynthesis - chlorophyll
Cholophyll in the chloroplasts absorbs the sun's light energy
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Photosynthesis - equation
Carbon dioxide + Water --light energy--> Glucose + Oxygen
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Photosynthesis - process
1. Carbon dioxide is taken in by the leaves, and water is taken up by the roots. 2. The chlorophyll traps the light energy needed for photosynthesis. 3. This energy is used to convert the carbon dioxide and water into glucose.
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Photosynthesis - Glucose
Some of the glucose is converted into insoluble starch for storage
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Iodine test
The iodine test is for starch, starch shows that photosynthesis occurs. When starch is made by the chlorophyll the iodine turns the leaf blue-black
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Glucose uses
1. converted into insoluble starch for storage. 2. used for respiration. 3. converted into fats and oils for storage. 4. used to produce cellulose which strengthens cell walls. 5. used to produce proteins.
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Nitrate ions
Nitrate ions are needed by plant and algal cells to produce protein.
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Factors for organisms
Temperature, nutrients, light, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide
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Quantitative data
1. random quantitative sampling using a quadrat. 2. sampling along a transect
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Quadrat
A quadrat is a square frame which can be subdivided into a gris. Sample size is important.
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Transect
A transect is not random, a line is marks and a quadrat is placed at regular intervals.
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Protein molecules
Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids. The chains are folded to procude specific shapes, the shape depends on its fuction
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Proteins can be:
1. Structural components of tissues. 2. hormones. 3. antibodies. 4. catalysts.
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Enzymes
Enzymes are biological catalysts
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Substrate
The substrate in a reaction can be help in the active site and either be connected to another molecule or be broken down.
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Enzymes can:
1. build large molecules from many smaller ones. 2. change one molecule into another one. 3. break down large molecules into smaller ones.
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Amylase
Amylase (a carbohydrase) is produced by the salivary glands, the pancreas and the small intestine. Amylase catalyses the digestion of strach into sugars in the mouth and small intestine - work best slightly alkaline
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Protease
Protease is produced by the stomach, the pancrease and the small intestine. Protease catalyses the breakdown of proteins into amin acids in the stomach and small intestine work best in acidic conditions
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Lipase
Lipase is produced by the pancrease and small intestine. Lipease catalyses the breakdown of lipids (fats and oils) to fatty acids and glycerol - works best slightly alkaline
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Bile
Bile makes the small intestine slightly alkaline
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Biological detergents
They contain proteases and lipases that digest food stains, they work at lower temperatures saving energy,
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Protesases
Used to pre-digest proteins in some baby foods
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Isomerase
Used to convert glucose syrup into fructose syrup. Fructose is sweeter so less is needed, this means foods are less fattening.
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Carbohydrase
Used to convert starch into sugar syrup for use in foods
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Advantages of enzymes
1. biological washing powers are more effective with enzymes. 2. biological washing powers can be used are lower temperatures. 3. used in medicine to diagnose, control or even cure diseases. 4. cost can be reduced.
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Disadvantages of enzymes
1. allergic reactions on skin. 2. may enter waterways. 3. can be costly to produce. 4. denature at high temperatures.
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Aerobic respiration
Glucose + oxygen ---> carbon dioxide + water (+energy)
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Effects of exercise
Muscles store glucose as glycogen, the glycogen can be converted back to glucose for use during exercise
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Anaerobic respiration
Occurs when muscles do not get enough oxygen. The glucose is not completely broken down in anaerobic respiration and lactic acid is produced. Mucles build up an oxygen debt.
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Mitosis
Results in two identical cells. A copy of each chromosome is made before the cell divides and one of each chromosome goes to each new cell.
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Meiosis
Each gamete only has one chromosome from each original pair, this results in variation when the gamete join at fertilisation.
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Stem cells
Unspeciallised. Found in human embryo and in adult bone marrow, can change into other types of cells.
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Gregor Mendel
He works out how characteristics were inherited, his ideas weren't accepted at first as scientists did not know about chormosomes and genes.
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Genetic code
Each gene codes for a particular combination of amino acids which make a specific protein.
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Dominant and recessive
If an allele masks the effect of another it is said to be dominant. The allele where the effect is masked is said to be recessive.
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Phenotype
Physical appearance of the characteristic
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Genotype
The genetic make up
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Homozygous
Both alleles are the same 'DD'
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Heterozygous
The two alleles are different Dd
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Cystic fibrosis
Cause by a recessive allel, the allele affects cell membranes and cause the production of a mucus which effects several organs.
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Fossils
1. from the hard parts of animals that do not decay. 2. from parts of organisms that have not decayed due to conditions. 3. when parts of the organism are replaced by other materials such as minerals as they decay. 4. as preserved traces of organisms
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Early life forms
Many early life forms had soft bodies so few traces were left behind.
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Geographical isolation
Could occur if an island separates from the mainland or is a new river separates two areas.
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Specification
Occurs when the populations become so different that they cannot interbreed.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Cytoplasm is where many chemical reactions take place.

Back

Cytoplasm

Card 3

Front

A cell membrane controls the movement of materials in and out of a cell.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Mitochondria releases energy during aerobic respiration.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Ribosomes is where protein synthesis takes place.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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