Biology 4

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  • Created by: Kate
  • Created on: 05-01-13 18:19
Species
A species is a group of closely related organisms which are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
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Population
A Population is all the individuals of a given species living together in the same area at the same time.
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Community
A community is all the individuals of all the species living together in the same area at the same time.
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Habitat
The place where an organism lives within an ecosystem
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Niche
Where an organisms lives and what it's role is. this includes what it feeds on and how it interacts with other organisms and the environment.
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Abiotic factor
A non-living factor which affects the distribution of an organism eg. pH, Light Intensity, Temperature etc
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Biotic factor
A living factor which affects the distribution of an organism. eg. Predation and competition
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Birth Rate
Number of births per year per 1000 of the population
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Death rate
Number of deaths per year per 1000 of the population
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Population growth
(Number of births + number of immigrants) - (Number of deaths + number of emigrants)
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Rate of population growth
Birth rate - death rate
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Factors which affect human birth rate
Population structure, Availability of contraception/abortion, Infant mortality rate, Economic conditions, Political pressures, Social and religious beleiefs
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Factors which affect human death rate
Food , Water supply and sanitation, Life expectancy at birth, Age profile, War/Natural disasters
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Life expectancy
Indicates how long a person is likely to live after birth. ( the figure quoted is usually the average life expectancy and this is the age at which 50% of the population still survives)
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What is photosynthesis?
The process where plants absorb light energy and convert it into chemical potential energy. Simple inorganc molecules are converted into organic molecules
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Where does the Light-Dependent reaction take place?
Grana/Granum
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What are the limiting factors for photosynthesis?
Temperature, Carbon Dioxide concentration and Light intensity
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Photophosphorylation
ATP production in light dependent stage
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How much sunlight energy is trapped in photosynthesis and why?
1-3%. Some light is reflected/absorbed by the atmosphere/the wrong wavelength/does not fall of chloroplasts or chlorophyll
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Define Gross Primary Production (GPP)
The energy which is converted into organic molecules by a producer
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Define Net Primary Production (NPP)
The energy which is stored or forms new biomass
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Give the equation that links gross productivity and net productivity
NPP = GPP - R ( where R is respiratory losses)
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Name the reasons why there are large energy losses in the link between producer and primary consumer.
Large amounts of the plant may be indigestible ( NPP is therefore lost in faeces and urine). Not all the plant may be eaten. Energy is lost in respiration as heat to the environment.
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Where does Glycolysis take place?
Cytoplasm
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Where does the Link Reaction take place?
Matrix of the mitochondria
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Where does Kreb's Cycle take place?
Matrix of the mitochondria
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Where does the Electron Transport Chain take place?
In/On the mitochondrial membrane
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ATP can be generated directly in respiration in what process?
Oxidative Phosphorylation
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ATP can be genereated indirectly in respiration in what process?
Substrate Phosphorylation
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How much ATP does aerobic respiration yield per molecule of glucose?
38
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How much ATP does anaerobic respiration yield per molecule of glucose?
2
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Name four qualities of an effective pesticide.
Specific, Biodegradable, Does not accumulate ( bioaccumulation/biomagnification) and is Cost effective
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Give 4 advantages of Biological Agents/Control
No need to use pesticides, pesticides do not enter food chain, less environmental damage, pests do not develop resistance against them
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Give 4 disadvantages of Biological Agents/Control
Control agent may disperse, may reproduce and itself become a pest, may not reproduce fast enough to control pest numbers, may be itself subject to predators.
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Give 7 ways of increasing productivity of livestock
restrict movement/Control temperature( keep animals indoors)/Feeding/Exclude predators/Selective breeding/Use of Horones/Slaughter when still growing
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Name the type of digestion decomposers use.
Extracellular digestion
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Define monoculture
Same crop grown in large numbers/ over a large area
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Define Pest
An organism which may decrease the yield of a crop plant either directly or indirectly
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Define selection
Process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce in greater numbers, resulting in the increase of the frequency of the advantageous allele.
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Define Selection Pressure
Determines the spread of an allele with a gene pool
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Name the two types of selection
Stabilising and Directional
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Define speciation
The evolution of a new species from existing species
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Name 7 types of isolation mechanisms
Geographical, temporal, ecological, behavioral, mechanical, gametic and hybrid
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Define genotype
the genetic constitution of an organism
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Define phenotype
the expression of the genetic constitution and its interaction with the environment
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Define Allele
Different forms of the same gene
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How are genders illustrated in pedigrees.
Males = squares. Females = circles
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What are the two Hardy-Weinberg equations?
p + q = 1.0 and p + 2pq +q =1.0
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Name the 5 conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg theory
There should be no immigration or emigration, there should be no mutation, there should be no selection for or against a particular allele, there should be a large population and mating within the population should be random
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Define succession
The series of changes within a community with time from its origin 9bare soil or sand or water) to it's climax community
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Define Pioneer Species
The organisms that first colonise an area
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Define Sere
A complete succession from pioneer community to climax community
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Define Seral stage
is a particular stage in succession with its own distinctive community of organisms
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Define climax commmunity
The final stage in an ecological succession
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Define diversity
The relationship between the number of individual organisms and the number of species within a community
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Population

Back

A Population is all the individuals of a given species living together in the same area at the same time.

Card 3

Front

Community

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Habitat

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Niche

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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