Biology - Unit 7

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  • Created by: lilyjbye
  • Created on: 02-02-18 19:26
Describe the journey of a molecule of carbon dioxide that is produced inside a mitochondrion of a muscle cell until it is breathed out.
Carbon dioxide passes out of the mitochondria by diffusion into blood. CO2 attaches to haemoglobin. Blood carries it to the lung where it is diffused into the alveolus in the lung. It is then breathed out.
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Where does aerobic respiration take place?
Mitochondria of cell.
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Anaerobic respiration
The incomplete breakdown of glucose without oxygen. Produces less oxygen then aerobic respiration but is a short term fix when energy is unavailable.
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What is energy transferred from glucose for cell used for?
Movement- muscles Active transport- low to high conc. Building larger molecules in the body.
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Balanced Equation for Anaerobic Respiration
Glucose = Lactic Acid C2H12O6 = 2C3H6O3
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Whats the difference between breathing and respiration?
RESPIRATION IS NOT BREATHING!! Breathing is gas exchange with the environment. Respiration is a chemical reaction in all living cells.
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Breathing in and Breathing out
Breath in - oxygen goes from air in the lungs - into the blood in the lungs Carbon dioxide goes from air into the lungs- into the air in lungs - air is breathed out
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What are the requirements of all cells and what are they needed for?
Oxygen (diffusion) Glucose (diffusion) Water (osmosis) for diffusion.
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The pathway of blood in the circulatory system
Blood travels through heart twice per circuit of the body. There are two pathways the pulmonary which is between the heart and the lungs and the synthetic pathway between heart and body.
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Why is the double system more efficient than the single system?
The double system provides fully oxygenated blood supply for the cells rather than a mixture of oxygenated and unoxygenated blood which is what the single circulatory system provides.
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Why do arteries have thick walls?
The thick walls in arteries are made of strong elastic fibres and muscle to stop the high pressure of blood from tearing the artery.
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Why do capillaries have walls that are one cells thick?
So diffusion can effectively take place.
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Cardiac output equation
cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate
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What is the biggest artery in the body?
The aorta
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What is the biggest vein in the body?
Vena cava
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The heart muscles
The heart is made up of special muscle called cardiac muscle. This muscle allows the heart to pump all your life and never get tired.
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Atriums in the heart
Atriums are made of thin muscles (this is because they only have to pump muscle to the ventricles).
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The ventricles
The right ventricle pumps blood to the heart, this means is is only made of this muscle. The left ventricle pumps blood all around the body so is made of thick strong muscle.
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Whats in the blood?
Human blood is roughly 55% plasma, 44% red blood cells and 1% white blood cells.
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Red blood cells
Red blood cells carry oxygen in the blood and transfer it (via diffusion) to cells where it is used for respiration. Red blood cells also help remove carbon dioxide from the body taking it to the lungs to me exhaled.
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How are red blood cells adapted to carry oxygen?
Red blood cells contain a chemical called haemoglobin which binds with oxygen. So that they can carry more haemoglobin red blood cells have no nucleus.
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Plasma
Plasma transports some carbon dioxide to the lungs to be exhaled.
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What are two types of white blood cell?
Lymphocytes and leucocytes
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Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes each contain a different kind of antibody which when "meets" a certain antigen (a chemical found in pathogens) it makes copies of its self to neutralise the antigen stopping illness kind of like a antidote.
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Memory cells
These are a type of lymphocyte which "remembers" which antigen it will neutralise therefore meaning the body knows how to get rid of infection. Eg. chicken pox, you get it once but not again because your memory cells know how to neutralise antigen.
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How do vaccinations work?
A bit of the illness (not enough to do any harm) that the vaccine is for is injected into the body where lymphocytes quickly neutralise it. The memoray cells then know what antibody will fit with the antigen.
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Leucocytes
Leukocytes can absorb cells, bacteria and particles.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

Back

Mitochondria of cell.

Card 3

Front

Anaerobic respiration

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is energy transferred from glucose for cell used for?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Balanced Equation for Anaerobic Respiration

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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