Biology unit 2

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What is the role of the nucleus?
Control the cells activities
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What takes place in the ribosomes?
Protein synthesis
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What is contained in the vacuole?
Cell sap
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Name one structure found in a plant cell that is not in an animal cell?
Cell wall made of cellulose for support
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Where is the genetic material in a bacteria cell found?
Cytoplasm
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What is yeast?
A single celled organism
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What is a yeast cell made up of?
Nucleus, cell wall, cytoplasm and a cell mebrane
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What is the structure of a cell linked to?
Function
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How is a root hair cell specialised?
Increase surface area of the root so water and minerals can be absorbed more efficiently.
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What is diffusion?
The net movement of particles of a gas or a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration along a concentration gradient.
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That is a concentration gradient?
Difference in concentration between two areas.
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What are three examples of diffusion?
Diffusion of oxygen into the cells of the body from the blood stream as cells respire. The diffusion of carbon dioxide into actively photosynthesising plant cells. The diffusion of simple sugars and amino acids from the gut through cell membranes.
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What happens during the development of multicellular organisms?
Cells differentiate
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What are 4 plant tissues?
Epidermal tissue, mesophyll, xylem and phloem
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What is the function of xylem and phloem?
Transport substances around the plant
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What must happen to food when we eat it?
It must change from insoluble molecules to soluble molecules.
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What type of plant can photosynthesize?
Green plants and algae
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What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + water =(light energy)= glucose + oxygen
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What is the bi-product of photosynthesis?
Oxygen
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Name 3 limiting factors of photosynthesis?
Lack of light, too cold or too little carbon dioxide.
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What is the independent variable?
The one being tested
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Name 3 ways that plants use soluble glucose?
Convert into insoluble starch for storage. Use for respiration. Used to make cellulose that strengthen cell walls.
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What environmental factors may effect the distribution of organisms?
Temperature, amount of light, availability of nutrients, availability of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
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What are the 2 main ways that we can measure the distribution of organisms?
Random quantitative sampling using a quadrat. Sampling along a transect.
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What is a quadrat?
A square frame made of metal or wood that can be divided into grids.
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What must all measurements be do be valid?
Repeatable and reproducible
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What are protein molecules made of?
Long chains of amino acids
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What can proteins be?
Structural components of tissue, hormones, antibodies and catalysts.
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What is an enzyme?
A biological catalyst
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What is an active site?
Enzymes are large proteins and the shape of an enzyme is vital for its function. The shape has an area where other molecules can fit - the active site
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What is one thing an enzyme can do?
Build large molecules from many smaller ones
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When can an enzyme become denatured?
If it is too hot. The active site changes shape. Also this can happen in the wrong pH.
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What does amylase do?
It is produced by the salivary gland, the pancreas and the small intestine and it breaks starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine.
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What are 3 enzymes used in digestion?
Amylase, protease and lipase
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Where is bile produced?
Liver
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What do biological detergents contain?
Protease and lipase
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What is isomerase used for?
Converting glucose syrup to fructose syrup which is sweeter and less is needed.
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What is an advantage of using enzymes?
Effective and the cost of equipment and energy can be reduced in industry.
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What is a disadvantage of using enzymes?
Enzymes could enter water systems via sewage.
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When does aerobic respiration take place?
Continually in plants and animals
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What is involved in aerobic respiration?
Glucose and oxygen are used to release energy.
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What do muscles store when you exercise?
Glycogen. It can be converted back to glucose for use during exercise.
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What is produced in anaerobic respiration?
Lactic acid
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When does anaerobic respiration take place?
When there is not enough oxygen
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How is lactic acid removed?
Blood flowing through the muscles
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That is oxygen debt?
When you finish exercise, the lactic acid must be broken down and this need oxygen. The extra oxygen needed to do this is known as oxygen debt.
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Why do blood vessels in the muscles dilate during exercise?
Increases blood supply to provide oxygen and glucose and remove carbon dioxide quickly.
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What is the result of mitosis?
Two identical cells being produced from the original cell
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Why must cells divide?
Growth and repair
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What is the term for an unspecialised cell, often found in the early development of an embryo?
Stem cell
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How are cells of offspring produced by asexual reproduction produced?
Mitosis, so the offspring have the same alleles as the parent.
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How are reproductive organ cells produced?
Meiosis
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Are the cells identical in meiosis identical or not?
They are all different
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Describe the process of meiosis?
A copy of each chromosome is made. The cell divides twice to result in 4 gametes. Each gamete has a single set of chromosomes each with a different combination of genes.
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What is one way that paralysis may be able to be treated?
Stem cells
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Who was Mendel?
A monk who suggested the idea of separately inherited factors. He had worked out how characteristics were inherited.
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Why was Mendel's theory not accepted?
Chromosomes and genes were unknown until after Mendel's death.
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Where are genes found?
On chromosomes
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What are genes?
Short sections of DNA
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What is a genetic code?
Each gene codes for a particular combination of amino acids which make a specific protein.
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How many pairs of chromosomes does a human have?
23
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What chromosomes do females have?
**
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What is a dominant allele?
If an allele masks the effect of another it is said to be dominant
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What is a phenotype?
Physical appearance
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What does homozygous mean?
Both alleles are the same
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Is polydactyly carried by a dominant or recessive allele?
Dominant
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What is a genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele?
Cystic fibrosis
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What is a possible use of embryonic stem cells?
Grow new tissues and organs for transplants
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How long ago is it thought life began on earth?
3500 million
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What is 1 way a fossil can be formed?
Hard parts of animals do not decay
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What is extinction?
A species that once existed has completely died out
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What are 3 things that could cause extinction?
New disease. New predator. A single catastrophic event
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What could cause geographical isolation?
If an island separates from the main land, or a new river separates two areas.
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When has speciation occurred?
When two populations can no longer interbreed successfully with fertile offspring.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What takes place in the ribosomes?

Back

Protein synthesis

Card 3

Front

What is contained in the vacuole?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Name one structure found in a plant cell that is not in an animal cell?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Where is the genetic material in a bacteria cell found?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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