Biology B3 - infection and response

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  • Created by: PoppyIsla
  • Created on: 20-10-18 15:44
What are pathogens?
pathogens are microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease
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What are the types of Pathogens?
Bacteria, Viruses, Protists, Fungi,
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What are the three Viral diseases?
Measles, HIV, Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
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What is Tobacco Mosaic Virus?
A virus that affects many species of plants e.g. tomatoes. It causes a mosaic pattern on the leaves of the plants - parts of leaves become discoloured.
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What is a fungal disease?
A rose black spot is a fungus that causes purple or black spots to develop on the leaves of rose plants. The leaves can turn yellow and drop off. This means Photosynthesis is less likely to happen as the plant doesn't grow very well.
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What is a disease caused by protist and what is it?
Malaria, takes place inside the mosquito. The mosquitoes are vectors they pick up the malarial protist when they feed on the infected animal. Everytime a mosquito feeds on another animal, it infects it by inserting the protist into the animal's blood
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What are the two Bacterial Diseases?
Salmonella and Gonorrhoea
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What is Salmonella?
A type of bacteria that causes food poisoning, infected people can suffer from fever, stomach cramps, vomitting and diarrhoea. These symptoms are caused by the toxins that the bacteria produce.
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What is Gonorrhoea?
Is a Sexually transmitted disease, STDs are passed on by sexual contact. A person with this will get pain when they urinate. Another symptom is a thick yellow or green discharge from vagina or penis.
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How can you Reduce or Prevent diseases?
Hygiene, Destroying Vectors, Isolating Infected Individuals and Vaccination
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What Can you do to be hygienic?
Using simple measures can prevent the spread of disease. Washing your hands thoroughly before preparing food or after you've sneezed can stop you infecting another poem.
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What can you do to Destroy vectors?
Getting rid of organisms that spread disease, ypu can prevent the disease from being passed on. They're insects that can be killed using insecticides or by destroying their habitat so thatb they can no longer breed.
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What can you do to isolate the infected individuals?
If you isolate someone who has a communicable disease, it prevents them from passing it on to anyone else
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What can you do for Vaccinations?
Can't develop the infection and then pass it on to someone else.
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How does the Skin act as a defence system?
its acts a barrier to pathogens, it also secretes antimicrobial substances which kills pathogens.
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How does the hair and mucus in your nose act as defence system?
traps the particles that could contain pathogens.
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How can the trachea and bronchi act as defence system?
Secretes mucus to trap the pathogens. Are lined with Cilia, these are hair like structures, which waft the mucus up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed.
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How can the stomach act as defence system?
Produces hydrochloric acid, this kills pathogens which makes it that far from the mouth.
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How can the immune system attack pathogens?
Consuming Them, Producing Antibodies, Producing Antitoxins
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What can consuming Pathogens do for the Immune system?
White blood cells can engulf foreign cells and digest them. This is called phagocytosis.
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What can Producing Antibodies do to attack pathogens?
Every invading pathogen has unique molecules on its surface. When some types of white blood cell comes across a foreign antigen, they will start to produce protein called antibodies to lock onto the invading cells so they can be found and destroyed.
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What can producing Antitoxins do to attack pathogens?
These counteract toxins produced by the invading bacteria.
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What are the pros of vaccinations?
Contoll lots of communicable diseases that were once common in the uk. Big outbreaks of disease called empidemics can be prevented if a large percentage of the population is vaccinated.
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What are the Cons of vaccinations?
Vaccines don't always work sometimes they don't give up immunity. You can sometimes have a bad reaction to a vaccine. Bad reactions are very rare.
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What Drugs relieve symptoms?
Painkillers, Antibiotics
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What do the painkillers do?
They relieve pain, they don't actually tackle the cause of the disease or kill pathogens, they just help to reduce the symptoms.
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What do antibiotics do?
They kill the bacteria causing the problem without killing your body cells. hey don't destroy Viruses. They have greatly reduced the number of deaths from communicable diseases.
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Can bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?
YES
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Why can bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?
Bacteria can mutate, this can cause them to be resisitant to antibiotics. If you have an infection some of the bacteria might be resistant to antibiotics. This means that when you treat the infections only the non resitant bacterias killed.
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Did many Drugs originally come from drugs?
Yes, plants produce a variety of chemicals to defend themselves against pests and pathogens. Some of these chemicals can be used as drugs to treat human diseases or relieve symptoms, a lot of the current medicines were discovered by studying plant.
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What is aspirin used for?
as a painkiller and to lower fever. It was developed from a chemical found in willow.
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What are digitslis used for?
is used to treat heart conditions. It was developed from a chemical found in fox gloves.
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Some drugs were extracted from microorganisms. For example?
Alexander Fleming was clearing out some Petri dishes containing bacteria. He noticed that one of the dishes of bacteria also had mould on it and the area around the mould was free from the bacteria.
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How many main stages are there in Drug testing
3
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What are the first two stages in drug testing?
in preclinical testing, drugs are tested on human cells and tissues in the lab. They next tested the drug on live animals, this is to test efficacy, to find out about its toxicityand to find the best dosage. 2 mammals should be test on drugs.
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What is the final stage for drug development?
If the drug passes the test, it's tested on human volunteers. It's first tested on healthy volunteers the uf the results are good the drug can be tested on the people suffering with the illness.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the types of Pathogens?

Back

Bacteria, Viruses, Protists, Fungi,

Card 3

Front

What are the three Viral diseases?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is Tobacco Mosaic Virus?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is a fungal disease?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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