Biology- Reproduction

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  • Created by: Kitsune
  • Created on: 01-03-17 04:14
What is asexual reproduction?
A process resulting in the production of genetically identical offsprings from one parent
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What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?
Only one parent required, allows rapid colonization of favorable environment, does not require mobility
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What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
No variation, susceptible to the same disease, not able to adapt
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What is sexual reproduction?
A process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes to form a zygote and the production of offsprings that are genetically different from each other
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The nuclei of gametes are...
Haploid
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The nucleus of a zygote is...
Diploid
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What is fertilization?
The fusion of gamete nuclei
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What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?
Variation, not susceptible to the same disease, adaptable
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What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
Two parents are needed, fertilisation is random
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What is an individual that has both male and female organs?
A hermaphrodite
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What is the stigma?
The platform on which pollen grains land
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What do petals do?
They produce nectar
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What is the male flower part called?
Stamen
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What is the female part of the flower called?
Carpel
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What do the sepals do?
They protect the flower bud
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What happens in the ovary of the flower?
That's where the ovules develop
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What does the style do?
It holds the stigma in the best position for pollination
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What does the anther do?
It contains pollen sacks with pollen grains with male gametes
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What do the filaments do?
They hold anthers in the best position to release pollen
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What allows the male gamete enter the ovule?
Micropyle
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What is pollination?
The transfer of male sex cells to female flower parts
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What is self-pollination?
The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or a different flower on the same plant
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What is cross-pollination?
A transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species
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What are the advantages of cross-pollination
Sometimes the anther and the stigma are too far, some plants have separate male and female plants, some plants are self-sterile
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What is the main disadvantage of self-pollination?
It doesn't allow genetic variation
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Why is cross pollination risky?
Because plants of the opposite sex might be too far
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In wind pollinated flowers, filaments are....
long and flexible
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In wind pollinated flowers, the stigma is.... Why?
Large and feathery.... to increase the surface area
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In wind pollinated flowers, pollen is....
produced in large amounts, light and has wings
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Why don't wind pollinate flowers have scent?
The don't need to attract insects
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Why do anthers hang loosely in wind pollinated flowers?
So it is easy for the wing to dislodge pollen
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Why is pollen sticky in wind pollinated flowers?
So it is easy for it to stick to the insects
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What is fertilisation?
Fusion of male and female gametes
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What is produced when a male gamete fuses with the female gamete?
A zygote
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What forms after the zygote divides many times?
An embryo
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What happens to the flower when fertilization is complete? Why?
Sepals, stamen, style, stigma, petals wither away. They've completed their function and now they would only use up valuable food if they remained.
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What is a fruit?
A fertilized ovary that functions to disperse seeds.
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Why do flowers disperse seeds?
To reduce competition for food resources.
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What happens when a pollen grain lends on the stigma?
A chemical signal is released by the stigma.
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Why is a chemical message sent by the stigma when a pollen grain lends on it?
To ensure that the pollen belongs to a member of the same species.
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How does a pollen tube allow the grain to reach the ovum?
The tube grows through the style locates the micropyle.
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Do all ovules need to be fertilized for a fruit to grow?
No
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What happens to the ovary wall after fertilisation?
It can become dry and hard or soft and fleshy
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Carpel becomes the...
Fruit
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Ovule becomes the...
Seed
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What is the only thing remaining on the flower stalk after fertilization?
The ovary
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What does the seed coat do?
Prevents the embryo from drying out
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Cotyledons act as...
Food stores
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The young shoot is called the...
Plumule
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The young root is called the...
Radicle
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What is germination?
The development of a seed to a new young plant
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What conditions are required for germination?
Water, oxygen and suitable temperature
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What is germination controlled by?
Enzymes
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What is the seed coat called?
Testa
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What is a seed said to be when the embryo is covered by the testa?
Dormant
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What happens to a seed when it comes in contact with water?
Enzymes are activated and they convert insoluble food stores to soluble, tissues swell and the testa splits
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What happens when the testa splits?
Oxygen enters and aerobic respiration starts, leading to germination
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What do you call germination that occurs before the plant starts photosynthesizing?
Hypogeal
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What do testicles produce?
Sperm
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Where is testosterone made?
In the testicles, between the coiled tubules which make sperm
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What holds the testicles?
Scrotum/ scrotal sac
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Why are testicles held outside of the body?
Lower temperature is needed to produce sperm
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How does a penis become erect?
The spongy spaces in it become filled with blood.
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What does the urethra carry in males?
Semen from the sperm duct and urine
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What does the prostate gland do?
It makes seminal fluid
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What is the composition of seminal fluid?
99.5% semen and 0.5% sperm cells
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What is the other name of a sperm duct?
Vas deferenes
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What does the sperm duct carry?
Sperm to the urethra
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What is a male gamete called?
A sperm
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How can sperms move?
By beating the flagellum
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What is the nucleus of a sperm like?
It's haploid
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In a sperm, what is the part that contains enzymes called?
Acrosome
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Why do sperm calls have many mitochondria?
A lot of energy is needed for the sperm to move
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What is a sperm's tail called?
Flagellum
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What is the neck of the uterus called?
Cervix
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What does the cervix do?
Keeps the baby inside
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What does the ovary do?
Develops the ova and produces hormones
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What is the other name of an oviduct?
A fallopian tube
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What does the oviduct do?
Carries ovum to the uterus
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Where does fertilization occur?
In the oviduct
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Where does the embryo develop?
In the uterus
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What collects the ovum from the ovary?
Funnel of the oviduct
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What is the female gamete called?
Ovum
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What is larger, ovum or sperm?
Ovum
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Describe the structure of an ovum.
A jelly coat, haploid nucleus, cytoplasm
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Why does the jelly coat of an ovum change after fertilisation?
To prevent entry of other sperms
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What does a cytoplasm of an ovum contain?
Food stores
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What gland stimulates the primary sex organs?
Pituitary gland
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What are the sex hormones in boys and girls?
Girls- oestrogen and progesterone, boys- testosterone
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How long does it take one ovary to release a mature egg?
56 days
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What is the menstrual cycle?
The cycle of producing and releasing mature ova
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What hormones influence the walls of the uterus?
Oestrogen and progesterone
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What happens during days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle?
The uterus lining is shed
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What causes the uterus lining to break?
A decrease in the concentration of progesterone.
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What happens during days 6-12 of the menstrual cycle?
More blood vessels grow in the uterus lining.
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What causes the uterus lining to grow?
increasing concentration of oestrogen
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What happens during days 13-15 of the menstrual cycle?
The graafian follicle moves to the surface of the ovary, bursts and releases a mature ovum into the funnel of the oviduct.
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When does ovulation occur?
At the peak of oestrogen concentration
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What happens during days 16-21of the menstrual cycle?
The lining of the uterus becomes well developed. If fertilization occurs, the embryo will be implanted.
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What maintains the lining of the uterus?
Increasing concentration of progesterone
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What happens during days 22-28 of the menstrual cycle?
The lining of the uterus degenerates unless an embryo is implanted
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What is ovulation?
When the Graafian follicle bursts at the peak of oestrogen concentration and releases a mature ovum into the oviduct funnel
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Describe how the Graafian follicle forms. (pituitary gland...)
Pituitary gland releases follicle stimulating hormone which causes a special cell in the ovary to produce a sac around itself. That is the graafian follicle.
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Describe how the corpus luteum forms.
Pituitary gland releases luteinizing hormone which stimulates the remains of the Graafian follicle to develop into the corpus luteum.
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What does the corpus luteum do?
Keeps releasing progesterone
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Progesterone prevents the secretion of FSH. What does this lead to?
No mature ova are released by feedback inhibition so only one fertilized ovum can develop
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What is the movement of ovum along the oviduct brought by?
Peristalsis and cilia on the oviduct lining.
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How does sperm move along the sperm duct?
By peristalsis
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What happens once a sperm penetrates the membrane if an ovum?
Ovum membrane alters and acta as a barrier,sperm head moves to the ovum nucleus, zygote starts dividing.
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What is conception?
The beginning of the development of a new individual after implantation of an embryo has occurred.
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What is the name of the infertility treatment when a women's oviducts are blocked?
In vitro fertilisation
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Outline in vitro fertilization.
Ovum is fertilized outside the woman in a dish and then it is placed in the uterus to develop.
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What is the name of the infertility treatment when there's a problem with the man's sperm?
Artificial insemination by a donor
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Outline artificial insemination by a donor
The donor's sperm is inserted into the uterus close to the ovulation period.
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What is contraception?
Deliberately preventing pregnancy
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What are the ways of working out the rhythm method?
Calendar method, temperature method, mucus method
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What is vasectomy?
When the sperm ducts are tied and cut
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What is the most common method of contraception?
Condom
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A female is... when her oviducts are tied and cut
sterilized
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What physical method of contraception can females use?
Diaphragm or cap/ female condoms
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What is spermicide?
A chemical, a cream, that kills sperm.
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What is the mini-pill?
It has progesterone. It messes up the uterus lining
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What is an IUS?
A small plastic device that is inserted into the uterus and slowly releases progestogen
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How does an IUS work?
It makes the uterus lining thin and increasing mucus production at the cervix, making it difficult for sperm to pass through
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What is an IUD?
Intrauterine device. It is a plastic coated copper coil which irritates the lining of the uterus, making implantation of zygote impossible
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What is the combined pill?
It has both oestogen and progesterone. Used to prevent ovulation.
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What is an embryo?
A ball of cells that implants into the wall of the uterus
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How long does it take for a fertilized egg to become a fully developed baby?
9 months
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What does a zygote grow?
It repeatedly divides to provide many cells that form the baby.
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What is the development of a baby?
Organization of cells into tissues and organs
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Is there a direct contact between maternal and fetal blood?
No
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What is the period during which the implanted zygote becomes a baby called?
Gestation period
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What produces a stable environment for the developing baby?
The placenta
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What does the placenta form out of?
Cells that line the uterus and the outside cells of an embryo
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The placenta allows exchange of what?
Soluble materials (food, waste, oxygen)
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The placenta is a ... ... to the uterus wall
physical attachment
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The placenta protects the baby from what?
Mother's immune system, mother's blood pressure fluctuations
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What hormones does the placenta secrete?
Progesterone
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What is the membrane that encloses amniotic fluid?
Amnion
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What does the amniotic fluid protect the baby from?
Mechanical shocks, drying out, temperature fluctuations
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What connects the other to the baby?
Umbilical chord
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What does the umbilical chord contain?
blood vessels for material exchange
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What does the umbilical vein carry?
Clean oxygenated blood with a high food concentration
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What does the umbilical artery carry?
Deoxygenated blood with wastes
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What does the artery from the mother carry to the baby?
Oxygenated blood high in nutrients and low in wastes
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Why does the placenta have a large surface area?
Because it has villi
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Toxins like ... and pathogens like ... ... can cross the placenta and affect the baby
Nicotine, rubella virus
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What does rubella virus cause?
German Measles which damages the developing nervous system
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What is antenatal care?
Advice on diet, medical checks and guidance
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How does labour start?
With contractions
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What hormone prevents labour?
Progesterone
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What hormone helps labour and why?
Oestrogen. It makes the uterus more sensitive to oxytocin.
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What is the first stage of labour?
Contractions cause the amnion to break and release amniotic fluid.
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What is the second stage of labour?
The cervix dilates.
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What is the third stage of labour?
Baby is pushed through the vagina
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What is the fourth stage of labour?
Afterbirth (placenta) is delivered
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What is the baby's reflex to ****?
Suckling reflex
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Outline how lactation happens
Oxytocin stimulates muscles in the mammary glands to squeeze milk
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What is the milk that is made in the first days?
Colostrum
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What does the first milk mainly contain?
Antibodies
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What is the diet change from milk to solid food called?
Weaning
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What are the two advantages of bottle feeding?
Other people can feed the kid, amount is measured
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What are the three disadvantages of bottle feeding?
Formula milk is expensive, not as easily digested, difficult to keep sterile conditions
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What are the disadvantages of breast feeding?
Milk may leak, ******* hurt, quantity can't be measured
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What are the advantages of breast feeding?
Antibodies are passed, easily digested, nutritionally superior than formula milk
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What is a sexually transmitted infection?
An infection transmitted via body fluids through sexual contact.
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What is HIV?
Human immunodeficiency virus
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What prevents the spread of STI?
A physical barrier like a condom.
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How can STI be transmitted?
Unprotected sex, sharing needles, blood transfusion, from mother to child.
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What is AIDS?
Acquired Immune deficiency virus
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What can HIV lead to?
AIDS
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What does HIV do?
It affects the immune system by decreasing lymphocyte numbers and reducing the ability to produce antibodies, making the person very vulnerable
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Card 3

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What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

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Card 4

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What is sexual reproduction?

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Card 5

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The nuclei of gametes are...

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