Biology - Plant and Animal Cell Organelles

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Contains hereditary material in nucelar chromatin, and linear DNA. They are responsilbe for m/tRNA, ribosomal DNA, ribosomes and genetic information
Nucleus
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Phospholipid bilayer around the nucleus. Its outer membrane is continuous with the cell's ER and may have ribosomes on surface. Controls entry and exit of materials like ions and RNA
Nuclear envelope
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Allows passage of large molecules, like mRNA, out of nucleus. There are around 3000 of these in each nucleus, around 40-100nm in diameter
Nuclear pore
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Granular, jelly-like material with chromatin and nucleolus inside. Makes up bulk
Nucleoplasm
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Consist of protein bound, linear DNA
Chromosomes
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Spherical region in nucleoplasm that manufactures ribosomal DNA and assembles ribosomes. May be more than one in a cell
Nucleolus
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'Jelly' or 'soup' where organelles reside and cellular metabolism occurs. Made of water, proteins, glycolysis, intracellular receptors and transcription factors. Communicates with nucleus via nuclear pores
Cytosol
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Ring of nine microtubules fused together and are part of the cytoskeleton. In complete centrisome, these are parallel to each other
Centriole
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Protect the cell from own production of hydrogen peroxide, like white blood cells to kill bacteria. Oxidative enzymes break the H.Peroxide into water and oxygen
Peroxisome
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Rod shaped organelles, usually 1-10 micrometres in length. This is the site of the stages of aerobic resp. and is responsible for ATP production. High in cells with high metabolic activity
Mitochondria
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Around the mitochondria, controls material entry/exit. Inner membrane folds to form cristae. Is a phospholipid bilayer emedded with proteins
Double Membrane
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Extentions of the mitochondria's inner membrane. Can extend across the whole width. Large SA for enzymes and respiatory ennzymes
Cristae
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Make up the remainder of the mitochondria. Has proteins, lipids, ribosomes and DNA to control the production of its own proteins. Respiatory enzymes may be here
Matrix
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Carries out photosynthesis. Typically disc shape, 2-10 microm. long and 1 microm in diameter. They have their own DNA, ribosomes and double membrane. Not found in fungi or animals
Chloroplast
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Double plasma membrane surrounding the chloroplast. Highly selective in what enters/exits cell
Chloroplast envelope
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Stacks of discs called thylakoids. Within the thylakoids is a pigment called chlorophyll and may have tubular extensions (lamellae) to other thylakoids in adjacent ones. Light absorption takes place here
Grana
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Fluid filled matrix. Sugar synthesis, second stage of photsynthesis, takes place here. Within are other structures, like starch grains
Stroma
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Elaborate 3D system of sheet-like membranes spreading through cytoplasm. Continuous with outer nuclear membrane. Enclose a network of tubules and sacs called cisternae.
Endoplasmic reticulum
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Ribosomes on outer surface of membrane. Provides a large SA for (glyco)protein synthesis and provides a pathway of transport for cell
Rough ER
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No ribosomes. More tubular. Synthesise, store and transport lipids, carbs and hormones.
Smooth ER
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Similar to the SER, but more compact. Made of stack membranes that make up flattened sacs (cisternae) with hollow structures (vesicles). Proteins and lipids from ER come here in strict sequence, and are modified, sorted and sent to vesicles
Golgi Apparatus
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Formed when Golgi vesicles contain enzymes like proteases or lipases. Contain lysozymes to hydrolyse cell walls of some bacteria. May also digest dead cell. Uncontrolled content release leads to necrosis
Lysosome
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Cytoplasmic granules in all cells. May be in cytoplasm or with RER. 80S and 70S. Site of protein synthesis
Ribosome
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Consist of microfibrils of cellulose embedded into matrix. Gives strength to cell wall. Contain many polysaccs. Have a thin layer called middle lamella to mark boundary between adjacent ones
Cell wall
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Fluid filled sac bounded by single membrane, called tonoplast. Contains solution of mineral salts, sugars, a.acids, wastes and pigments. Support plants, and provide temporary food store. Pigment attracts insects.
Vacuole
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Encloses cell. Double layer of phospholipid bilayer. Compatible with cytosol and outside of cell. Made of proteins, like receptors, and controls entry and exit of materials
Plasma membrane
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Produces microtubules. A pair of centrioles. During mitosis, these divide, and centrioles replicate. Responsible for separarting chromosomes into daughter cells
Centrosome
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Helps maintain cell shape. Internal cell organelle movement, cell locomotion or cell fibre contraction would not happen without this. Organised network of three primary protein filaments
Cytoskeleton
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Phospholipid bilayer around the nucleus. Its outer membrane is continuous with the cell's ER and may have ribosomes on surface. Controls entry and exit of materials like ions and RNA

Back

Nuclear envelope

Card 3

Front

Allows passage of large molecules, like mRNA, out of nucleus. There are around 3000 of these in each nucleus, around 40-100nm in diameter

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Granular, jelly-like material with chromatin and nucleolus inside. Makes up bulk

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Consist of protein bound, linear DNA

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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