Biology, Paper 1 / Paper 2

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  • Created by: lottywats
  • Created on: 30-03-18 15:56
Size of a cell?
Plant: 0.1mm (diameter) Animal: 0.02mm (diameter) Prokaryotic: 0.02mm (long)
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Magnification Equation?
size of image/size of real object
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Binary Fission?
Bacteria cell division.
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Where can bacteria be grown?
As colonies on a type of jelly called AGAR, which is known as culture. AGAR is usually in a PETRI DISH.
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What does the nucleus contain?
Chromosomes made of DNA.
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What does each chromosome contain?
Thousands of genes.
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What is mitosis?
Cell division, when the cell divides into two identical cells.
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Define Undifferentiated?
Cells that have not yet become specialised.
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Define embryonic?
Stem cells that form human embryos.
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Define Theraputic Cloning?
A cloned embryo of th patient that may be made and used as a aource of stem cells
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Define Diffusion?
The net movement of particles from an area of high conventration to low concentration.
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Define Osmosis?
The diffusin of water particles from a dilute solution to a oncentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.
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Define Active Transport?
Moves substancees against a concentration gradients from a low area f concentration to a high area of concentration . This requires energy from respiration.
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Define Specialisation?
When an organism develops, cells differentite to form different types of cells.
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Tissues, Organs and Systems?
Organisms are arranged into tissues. Tissus are arranged to make different groups of organs. Organs are arranged into organ systems.
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What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts.
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Where do enzymes work?
In the active site.
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What is the 'lock and key theory'?
Used to explain how enzymes work: the chemical that reacts is called the substrate (key) and it fits ito the enzyme's active site (lock)
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Define Denaturing?
When high temperatures and extrem levels of pH make the enzymes change shape.
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Amylase?
It is produced in the salivary glands and the pancreas. It is a carbohydrase that breaks down startch into sugar (maltose)
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Protease?
It is producedin the stomach, pancreas, and small intestine. It breaks down proteins into amino acids.
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Lipase?
It is produced in the pancreas and the small intestine. It breaks down lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol.
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What is Bile?
It is a liquid made in the LIVER and stored in the GALL BLADDER. It neutralises the hydrochloric acid from the stomach.
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What is Blood? What is it made up of?
It is a tissue. It is made up of a liquid called plasma.
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What do Red Blood Cells contain?
Haemoglobin
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What do White Blood Cells do?
Help protect the body from infection
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What do Arteries do? What are they made of?
Take blood from your heart to your organs. Have thick walls made from muscle and elastic fibres.
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What do the Veins do? What are they made of?
Take blood fro your organs to your heart. Have thinner walls and valves to prevent backflow.
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What do the Capillaries do? What are they made of?
They allow substances needed by the cells to pass out the blood, also allow substances produced by the cells to pass into the blood. Have narrow, thin-walled blood vessels.
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What does the Heart do?
Pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system.
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What are the 4 chambers? What do they do?
The left and right ATRIA recieve blood from the veins. The left and right VENTRICLES pump blood out into the arteries.
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Gaseous Exchange?
Air obtained through breathing reaches the lungs through the trachea. The trachea divides into 2 (BRONCHI). The bronchi divides into BRONCHIOLES. The bronchioles divided into tiny air sacs (ALVEOLI)
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What are Non-Communicable Diseases?
Diseases that cannot spread between organisms. They can change a person's life e.g HIV and Diabetes.
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What CAN be the risk factors?
Their lifestyle e.g LACK OF EXCERSISE. Substances in a person's body e.g CHEMICALS FROM SMOKING.
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Epidermis?
Covers the outer surface of the plant for protection.
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Palisade mesophyll?
The main site of photosynthesis in the leaf.
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Spongy mesophyll?
Air spaces between the cells allow gases to diffuse through the leaf.
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Xylem vessels?
Transports water and minerals through the plant, from roots to leaves. Also supports the plant.
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Phloem vessels?
Transports dissolved food minerals through the plant.
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Meristem tissue?
Found mainly at the tips of the roots and shoots, where it can produce new cells for growth.
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What are pathogens?
Microoganisms that cause infectious (communicable) diseases.
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Define Protists?
Single-celled organisms which are eukaryotic.
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Define Immunity?
When a pathogen has already entered the body and the antibodies have already been produced so the person cannot get sick again.
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Define Vaccinaion?
Small quantity of dead or inactive form of a pathogen thatare injected into the body so the antibodies can be produced.
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What is Digitalis?
A heart drug that originates from foxgloves/
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What is Asprin?
A painkiller that originates from willow.
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How are monoclonal antibodies produced?
From a single cell that has divided to make many cloned copies of itself.
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How to detect plant disease?
Stunted growth, Spots on leaves, Areas of decay, Discolouration.
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What are aphids?
Small insects that take the sugar away from the plant.
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What is mimicry?
Where the plants trick the animals nto not eating them or not laying eggs on their leaves.
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What do endothermic reactions do?
They take heat in.
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Define Limiting Factor?
Where the reactionn can't go any faster.
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Temperature and the Rate of Photosynthesis?
As the temperature increases so does the rate of potosynthesis.
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Carbon Dioxide and the Rate of Photosynthesis?
When the concentration of carbon dioxide increases so does the rate of photosynthesis. After reaching a certain point, an increase in carbon dioxide has no further effect. Therefore the carbon dioxide is no longer the limting factor
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Ligt Intensity and the Rate of Photosynthesis?
As the light intensity increases so does thr rate of photosynthesis. After reaching a certain point, any increase in light has no futher effect therefore, it is no longer the limitng factor.
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Chlorophyll Concentration and the Rate of Photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll has no effect on the rate of photosynthesis in th short term effect.
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Define Inverse Square Law?
When the light intensity is studied doubling the distance betwen the lamp and the pondweed will reduce the light intensity by a quarter.
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Aerobic Respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water
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Anaerobic Respiration? Animals
Glucose = Lactic Acid
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Anaerobic Respiration? Plants
Glucose = Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
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When does Lactic Acid get broken down in the liver?
After excersise.
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What is Oxygen Debt?
Where the body needs extra amount of oxygen after doing excersise to react with the lactic acid and remove it from the cells.
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What is Metabolism?
It is he sum of all the chemical reactions in a cell or in the body.
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What is Homeostasis?
The regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism in response to internal and external changes.
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What do Receptors do?
They detect stimuli (changes in the environment)
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What is the process of Negative Feedback?
The co-rdinating centre compares the stimulus to a set point - An effector then produces a response to correct any difference from the set point - A receptor detects a change in the stimulus.
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What is Vasodilation?
When the blood vessels widen, directing more blood to the surface of the skin.
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What is Vasoconstriction?
Where the blod vessels narrow, directing blood away from the surface of the skin.
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What are synapses?
Gaps between the neurones.
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What does the Retina contain?
Receptor cells that are sensitive to the brightness and colour of light.
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What does the Optic Nerve do?
Carries the impulses from the retina to the brain.
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What does the Sclera do?
It forms a tough outer layer.
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What is the Cornea?
A transparent region at the front.
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What does the Iris do?
Controls the size of the PUPIL and te amount of light reaching the retina.
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Whatcab Ciliary Muscles and Suspensory Ligaments do?
They can change the shape of the lens to focusl ight on to the retina.
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Whatis Accomodation?
The process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects.
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What is Myopia?
Short sightedness.
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What is Hyperopia?
Long sightedness.
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What isthe Endocrine System made up of?
Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
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What are Hormones?
Chemical messengers that are carried in the blood to target an organ to produce an effect.
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What is the Pituitary Gland?
In the brain it is the 'master gland'.
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Where is Adrenaline produced? What does it do?
It is produced in the adrenal glands, in times of fear or stress. It increasesthe heart rate, boosting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles. (PREPARES THE BODY FOR 'FLIGHT' OR 'FIGHT')
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Where is Thyroxine produced? What does it do?
It is produced by the thyroid gland. It increases the metabollic rate and controls growth and development in young animals. (CONTROLLED BY NEGATIVE FEEDBACK)
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What is Type 1 Diabetes?
Disorder that is caused by the pancreas failing to produce sufficiant insulin.
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What is Type 2 Diabetes?
Disorder that is caused by the body cells no longer responding to insulin.
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What is Urea?
A waste productthat is producedby the liver from the breakdown of proteins and contains nitrogen.
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Define Deamination?
In the liver these excess amino acids are converted to ammonia in the process of DEAMINATION.
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What is ADH released by?
Released by the pituitary gland when the blood is too concentrated. It passes, in the blood, to the kidney tubules where it causes more water to be reabsorbed back into the blood.
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Where is the Follicle Stimulating Hormone secreted by? What is it's function in the Menstrual Cycle?
Secreted by the Pituitary gland. Causes the egg to mature, Stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen.
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What is Oestrogen secreted by? What is it's function in the Menstrual Cycle?
Secreted by the Ovaries. It inhibits FSH release, Stimulates LH release, Makes the lining of the uterus grow again after menstruation.
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What is the Lutenising Hormone secreted by? Whats is it's function in the Menstrual Cycle?
Secreted by the Pituitary gland. Stimulats the release of the egg from the ovary.
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What is Progesterone secreted by? What is it's function in the Menstrual Cycle?
Secreted by the empty follicle in the ovaries. Maintains the lining of the uterus, Inhibits both FSH and LH release.
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Define Tropism?
When part of a plant responds by growing in a particular direction.
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Define Auxins?
Control tropisms.
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What are Gibberellins?
Another group of plant hormones and are important in initiating seed germination.
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What is Ethene?
A gas and also a plant hormone. It controls cell division and ripening of fruits.
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What are Auxins used as?
Weed killers, Rooting powders, Promoting growth on tissue.
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What are Gibberellins used for?
End seed dormancy , Make seeds germinate, Promote flowering, Increase fruit size
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