Biology Paper 1

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Nucleus
Controls the cell and contains genetic material in the form of chromosomes
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Cytoplasm
where most chemical reactions take place
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Cell membrane
a barrier that controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell (2) Contains receptor molecules
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Mitochondria
contains the enzymes for cellular respiration and are the site of respiration
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Cell wall
made from cellulose and provides structural support
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Vacuole
contains cell sap, which provides support
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Chloroplast
contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis
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Prokaryotes
they have no nucleus- nuclear material lies free within the cytoplasm, may contain additional DNA in the form of a plasmid e.g Bacteria
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Eukaryotes
Have a nucleus bound by a nuclear membrane, the cell wall is only present in plant cells .e.g human cheek cell, amoeba, plant cells
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DNA
A polymer made of two strands that are in the form of a double helix, each strand is made of nucleotides
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Protein
chain of amino acids, the order of amino acids determines the protein that is made
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Transcription
occurs in the nucleus of the cell, the section of DNA that codes for a protein unzips, a strand known as the mRNA forms on DNA strand, the mRNA peels off and moves into the cytoplasm
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Translation
occurs in cytoplasm, the mRNA attaches to ribosome,tRNA brings correct amino acid for each triplet code
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Enzymes
biological catalysts and increase the rate of chemical reactions inside organisms, made of proteins and amino acid chain is folded to make a shape a substrate can fit this place is called the active site
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Lock and key hypothesis
when only substrate molecules with the correct shape can fit into the the active site
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Factors affecting enzyme action
temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration
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Advantage of a double circulatory system
can achieve higher blood pressure allowing a greater flow of blood to the tissue
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Right side
Dexygenated blood
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Left side
Oxygenated blood
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nucleus
contains chromosomes
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Chromosomes
carry genes that contain the instructions for making cells, organs and tissues
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Mitosis
produces two identical cells. As a result, all body cells have the same chromosomes and the same genetic information. Produces the additional cells needed for growth and development and replacement of worn out cells.
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Stage 1
cell grows bigger, increase their mass and carry out normal cell activities. They replicate their DNA to form two copies of each chromosome ready for cell division. Number of sub-cellular structures are also increased
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Stage 2
one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the dividing cell and the nucleus divides
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stage 3
this is the stage during which the cytoplasm and the cell membranes also divide to form two identical daughter cells
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stem cells
undifferentiated cells that can differentiate to form specialized cells. Human stem cells can come from embryos in umbilical cord or from adult bone marrow
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Embryonic stem cells
can differentiate into any type of cell
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Adult stem cell
can only differentiate into the cells of the type of tissue from which they came
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Plant stem cells
found in meristematic tissue which is usually in the tips of shoots and roots
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Advantages of stem cells
Have the potential to provide replacement cells and tissues to treat Parkinson's disease, burns, heart disease and arthritis. The tissue made will not be rejected by the body. They can be used for testing new drugs.
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Red blood cells
Carry oxygen, biconcave disc shape that maximize the surface area for absorbing oxygen. Do not have nucleus which means there is more space to carry oxygen.
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Haemoglobin
binds to oxygen in the lugs and releases it at the tissues
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Plasma
Transports hormones, antibodies, nutrients such as glucose, amino acid, minerals and vitamins. Waste substances, such as carbon dioxide and Urea
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Cytoplasm

Back

where most chemical reactions take place

Card 3

Front

Cell membrane

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Mitochondria

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Cell wall

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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