Biology- Inheritance

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  • Created by: Kitsune
  • Created on: 05-03-17 00:48
What is inheritance?
Transmission of genetic information from generation to generation
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Which characteristics cannot be altered?
Hereditary
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What is a chromosome?
A thread like structure of DNA, carrying genetic information is the form of genes
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What is a gene?
A length of DNA that codes for a specific protein
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How many chromosomes does a person have in each cell?
46
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What is the point at which two chromosomes are attached?
Centromere
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Why is DNA responsible for characteristics?
They make up proteins and proteins are responsible for characteristics
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What is a nucleotide made up of?
Base on a sugar-phosphate backbone
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What are the four nucleotide bases?
Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
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What are the base pairings?
AT, CG
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Sequence of bases in a gene is a code for what?
A code for amino acids that make up a specific protein
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Describe DNA replication
Two chains of DNA separate and each acts as a template. They use a supply of nucleotides to turn into two different chains, each being identical to the other
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How does DNA instruct a cell to make a particular protein?
Each gene carries a code for a specific protein. Each code word in DNA is made up of three bases in a certain sequence, a triplet. Each triplet corresponds to a specific amino acid
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What carries the code for a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome?
mRNA
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How does transcription work?
The base sequence in DNA is transcribed onto another sequence in mRNA
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What nucleotide base does mRNA not have and what is it replaced by?
Doesn't have thymine. Replaced by uracil
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What rings an amino acid to the ribosome?
transfer RNA
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Describe how proteins are made by translation.
mRNA carries the code to the ribosome. tRNA brings the amino acids to the ribosome. Ribosome assembles amino acids into proteins using codes from mRNA by translation
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All cells in the body contain the same genes. Why aren't they expressed?
Because the cells makes only the protein it needs.
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What is mitosis?
Nuclear devision giving rise to genetically identical cells
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What process results in mitosis?
Growth
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What are stem cells?
Unspecialised cells that divide by mitosis to produce daughter cells that can become specialized for specific functions
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What reproduction does mitosis play a role in?
Asexual
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Describe mitosis.
DNA is replicated exactly, resulting in 2 identical chromatids. They become attached to spindle fibre and separated at the centromere. Cell membrane pinches in and the cell separates into two.
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What can be said about two daughter cells after mitosis?
They have the same number of chromosomes as the parent
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Define meiosis.
Reduction devision in which the chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid resulting in genetically different cells
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What cells are formed by meiosis?
Gametes
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Describe meiosis.
The homologous chromosome pair lines up. Sister chromatids are formed. Spindle fibres separate whole chromosomes. Each cell has only one chromosome pair. Each is separated into two by mitosis. 4 gametes are formed.
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How does meiosis produce variation?
It allows new combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes.
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What is a homologous pair?
A pair of chromosomes in a diploid nucleus that carry the same genes
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What are alleles?
Alternative forms of the same gene
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When is a cell heterozygous?
When alternative alleles are both present
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When is a cell homozygous?
When the alleles are same
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When is the term pure breeding used?
When individuals that are both homozygous for the same characteristic breed.
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What is a dominant allele?
One tha is expressed if it is present
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What is a recessive allele?
One that is expressed only if the dominant allele isn't present
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What is genotype?
The genetic make up of an organism in terms of the alleles present
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What is phenotype?
Observable features of an organism
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A cross between two heterozygous parents has offsprings with what dominant : recessive ratio?
3:1
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A cross between heterozygous and homozygous recessive leads to what dominant:recessive ratio?
1:1
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Albinism is caused by a ... allele
recessive
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Are heterozygous individuals affected by albinism?
No, but they are carriers
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What individual can benefit from sickle cell anaemia?
Heterozygous one
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What does having one sickle cell allele gives to a heterozygous individual?
Resistance from malaria
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What phenotype does a person with HbsHbA genotype have?
Some symptoms of anaemia, resistant to malaria
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What are the three alleles of the gene controlling blood groups?
IA, IB, IO
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Are IA and IB dominant to each other?
No, but both are dominant to IO
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What does co dominance rest in?
An extra phenotype
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What is karyotype?
A complete set of chromosomes in a cell
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Do sex chromosomes form a homologous pair?
No
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Why does a man's sperm determine the sex of the kid?
Because women have only X chromosomes
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What is a sex linked characteristic?
A characteristic in which the gene responsible is located on a sex chromosome, making it more common in one sex than the other
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What sex chromosomes do males have?
XY
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Give an example of a sex linked characteristic
Colour blindness
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What is hemophilia?
The failure of blood to clot
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Who will the son inherit hemophilia from?
The mother
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Which characteristics cannot be altered?

Back

Hereditary

Card 3

Front

What is a chromosome?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is a gene?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How many chromosomes does a person have in each cell?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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