Biology IGCSE (Higher) Dual Award

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  • Created by: lydsg123
  • Created on: 07-04-21 18:03
Movement
as an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place
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Respiration
as the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism
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Sensitivity
as the ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and to make appropriate responses
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Growth
as a permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both
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Reproduction
reproduction as the processes that make
more of the same kind of organism
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Excretion
as removal from organisms of the waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration), toxic materials, and substances in excess of requirements
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Nutrition
as taking in of materials for energy, growth and development; plants require light, carbon dioxide, water and ions; animals need organic compounds and ions and usually need water
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ciliated cells
movement of mucus in the trachea and bronchi
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root hair cells
absorption
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palisade mesophyll cells
photosynthesis
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red blood cells
transport of oxygen
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sperm and egg cells
reproduction
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diffusion
as the net movement
of particles from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration down a concentration gradient, as a result of their random movement
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osmosis
as the net movement of
water molecules from a region of higher water potential (dilute solution) to a region of lower water potential (concentrated solution), through a partially permeable membrane
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enzymes
as proteins that function as biological catalysts
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photosynthesis
as the process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light
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word equation for photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen, in the presence of light and chlorophyll
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ingestion
as the taking of substances, e.g. food and drink, into the body through the mouth
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digestion
as the breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into small, water- soluble molecules using mechanical and chemical processes
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mechanical digestion
as the breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules
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chemical digestion
as the breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble molecules
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absorption
as movement of digested food molecules through the wall of the intestine into the blood
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assimilation
as the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cells
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egestion
as passing out of food that has not been digested, as faeces, through the anus
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transpiration
as loss of water vapour from plant leaves by evaporation of water at the surfaces of the mesophyll cells followed by diffusion of water vapour through the stomata
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translocation
in terms of the movement of sucrose and amino acids in phloem:
– from regions of production (source)
– to regions of storage OR to regions where they are used in respiration or growth (sink)
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circulatory system
as a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood
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double circulation
in terms of circulation to the lungs and circulation to the body tissues in mammals
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red blood cells
in transporting oxygen, including the role of haemoglobin
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white blood cells
in phagocytosis and antibody production
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platelets
clotting
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plasma
in the transport of blood cells, ions, soluble nutrients, hormones and carbon dioxide
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aerobic respiration
as the chemical reactions in cells that use oxygen to break down nutrient molecules to release energy
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anaerobic respiration
as the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules to release energy without using oxygen
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word equation for aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
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word equation for anaerobic respiration in microorganism yeast
glucose → alcohol + carbon dioxide
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word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles during vigorous exercise
glucose → lactic acid
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nerve impulse
as an electrical signal that passes along nerve cells called neurones
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simple reflex arc
in terms of receptor, sensory neurone, relay neurone, motor neurones and effector
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reflex action
as a means of automatically and rapidly integrating and coordinating stimuli with the responses of effectors (muscles and glands)
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cornea
- refracts light
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iris
– controls how much light enters pupil
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lens
– focuses light onto retina
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retina
– contains light receptors, some sensitive to light of different colours
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optic nerve
– carries impulses to the brain
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hormone
as a chemical substance, produced by a gland, carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs
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adrenaline
as the hormone secreted in ‘fight or flight’ situations and its effects, limited to increased breathing and pulse rate and widened pupils
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homeostasis
as the maintenance of a constant internal environment
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gravitropism
as a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from gravity
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phototropism
as a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from the direction from which light is coming
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asexual reproduction
as a process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent
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sexual reproduction
as a process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes (sex cells) to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically different from each other
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pollination
as the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma
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testes
– production of male gametes (sperm)
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scrotum
– sac that holds the testes outside the body
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sperm ducts
– transfer sperm to the urethra
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Respiration

Back

as the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism

Card 3

Front

Sensitivity

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Growth

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Reproduction

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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