Biology- Human nutrition

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  • Created by: Kitsune
  • Created on: 28-01-17 15:56
Define heterotroph.
an organism that cannot make its own food, and must take in molecules from surroundings that have been made by another organism
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Define diet
A total amount of nutrients we need
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Define balanced diet
It provides all nutrients that are needed to carry out life processes in correct amounts
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What are the correct proportions in a diet?
5/7 carbs, 1/7 fats and 1/7 proteins
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What are the sources of carbohydrates?
Rise, pasta, potato, bread
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How are excess carbs stored?
As fat
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What do refined sugars do?
Give an energy boost
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In what form are carbs absorbed?
As glucose
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What does lack of carbs lead to?
Lethargy
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What does excess of carbs lead to?
Weight gain
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What are the sources of proteins?
Meat, fish, eggs, beans
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What are the uses of proteins?
Enzymes, antibodies, hormones, muscles
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In what form are proteins absorbed?
As amino acids
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What does lack of proteins lead to?
Stunted growth and weak muscles
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What does excess of proteins lead to?
Weight gain
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What are the sources of fats?
Peanuts, dairy products, meat
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What are fats used for?
Long term energy store, insulation, hormones
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In what form are fats absorbed?
Fatty acids and glycerol
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What does lack of fats lead to?
Lethargy
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What does excess of fats lead to?
Arteriosclerosis
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Why do we need vitamins and minerals?
To be able to use the other nutrients efficiently
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What are the sources of vitamin C?
Lemons, oranges, cherries
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What is vitamin C needed for?
Healthy skin and gums
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What is vitamin C deficiency lead to? What is it?
Scurvy- when the production of fibers is affected
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What does vitamin C seem to do?
Protect cells from aging
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What are the sources of vitamin D?
Liver, egg, dairy products
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What is vitamin D deficiency lead to? What is it?
Rickets- when bones become soft and bendable
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What is vitamin D needed for?
Bone formation
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What are the sources of iron?
Red meat, liver, spinach
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What is iron required for?
Manufacture of red blood cells
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What does iron deficiency lead to?
Anaemia
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What are the sources of calcium?
Milk, cheese, fish
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What does deficiency of calcium lead to?
Rickets
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Why do we need fibre?
It helps peristalsis by forming bulks of feces
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What does fiber deficiency lead to?
Constipation
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How can we work out the energy value of food?
By burning it
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What food molecule has the highest energy value?
Fat
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From what food do we get most of our energy?
Carbohydrates
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Define metabolism
The total of all the chemical reactions in the body
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How do you call energy required for simple life processes
Basal metabolic rate
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What does the energy required depend on?
Basal metabolic rate, amount of activity, amount of food eaten
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A child needs a higher...
Protein intake because of growth
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Males need more energy because...
They are larger and less well insulated
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A pregnant woman must have a higher intake of...
Calcium, iron and protein
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Malnutrition includes...
Eating too much, too little, not in the correct proportions
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What happens when the body doesn't consume enough energy?
The body's own tissue are broken down to be respired
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Define obese
A person whose fat storage is beyond a healthy limit
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How can a person develop kwashiorkor?
As a child hey haven't received enough of mother's milk and they had a diet high in carbs so their muscles develop very slowly
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How can a person develop marasmus?
They have symptoms of general starvation, they don't eat enough proteins nor carbs. Body tissues waste away and the child becomes very thin, their skin is wrinkled
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How can a person develop constipation and bowel cancer?
They consume too little fiber so feces aren't passed regularly. The person becomes constipated. Bacteria start working on the trapped feces and release chemicals that lead to cancer.
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How can a person develop coronary heart disease?
They consume too much fat and cholesterol. Their blood vessels become blocked and not enough oxygen is supplied
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How can a person develop tooth decay?
They consume too much acidic and sugary foods. A plague forms on their teeth and bacteria start to respire it, releasing acid which dissolves the enamel and dentine
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Define ingestion
Taking of substance into the body through the mouth
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Define mechanical digestion
The breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules
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Define chemical digestion
The breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules
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Define absorption
The movement of small food molecules and ions through the intestine wall into the blood
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Define assimilation
The movement of digested food molecules into the cells where they are used, becoming parts of the cell
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Define egestion
The passing out of food that has not been digested or absorbed as feces through the anus
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What is diarrhea?
Loss of watery feces
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What is cholera?
When a cholera bacterium produces a toxin that causes secretion of chloride ions into the small intestine, causing osmotic movement of water into the gut, causing diarrhea and dehydration and loss of salts from blood
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What is the treatment for diarrhea?
Oral rehydration therapy
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What is the esophagus?
A muscular tube which moves the food to the stomach by peristalsis
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What is the stomach?
A muscular bag which mixes food with digestive juices to form chyme
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What does the liver produce?
Bile, which helps neutralize acidic chyme and emulsifies fats
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What does the pancreas do?
It produces pancreatic juices which contain enzymes, mucus and hydrogen carbonate which neutralizes chyme
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What does the gall bladder do?
Stores bile before pouring it into the duodenum through the bile duct
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What is the duodenum?
The first part of the small intestine where chyme mixes with bile
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What is the ileum?
Longest part of the small intestine where digested food is absorbed into the blood
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Where are water, minerals and vitamins absorbed?
In the colon
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Where are feces stored?
In the rectum
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What is mastication?
The process of cutting food with teeth and mixing it with saliva
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What does mastication produce?
A bolus of food
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Name the types of teeth
Incisors, canines, molar, premolar
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What is the function of incisors?
Biting and cutting
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What is the function of canines?
Holding and cutting
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What is the function of premolars?
Chewing and crushing
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What is the function of molars?
Chewing and crushing
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What produces the enamel?
Tooth forming cells
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What are the enamel and dentine made of?
Calcium salts
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What does the dentine contain?
A series of canals which extend to the pulp cavity
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What does cement do?
It anchors the tooth
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What does the pulp cavity contain?
Tooth producing cells, blood vessels and nerve endings
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How does scurvy affect teeth?
It impairs the production of collagen fibers so teeth fall out
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Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?
In the mouth. Saliva contains amylase which converts starch to maltose
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Define peristalsis
Waves of muscular contractions which push the bolus of food along the gut
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What do the digestive glands in the stomach produce?
Mucus which protects the stomach from its own juices, pepsin which is a protease, HCl acid which provides conditions for pepsin and kills bacteria
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Why aren't carbs digested in the stomach?
The pH is too low
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What are the enzymes from the pancreas?
Amylase, trips and lipase
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What does 'emulsifies' mean?
Convert large globules of fat into small droplets and therefore increases its surface area
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What enzymes are made in the small intestine?
Maltase
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Where does most absorption happen?
In the ileum, the lower part of the small intestine
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How is the ileum adapted?
It is very long and its surface is highly folded
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Where is water mostly absorbed?
Ileum
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What is the ileum lining folded into?
Villi
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What does the lacteal do?
It transports fatty acids and glycerol
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What do goblet cells do?
Produce mucus
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How is the villi adapted to be efficient?
The epithelium is only one cell thick, they surface has microvilli
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What do the capillaries do?
Transport fatty acids and glycerol
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Where is all food in the blood sent to?
The liver
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What does the liver do?
It provides ideal concentrations of food molecules for the working tissues
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Define diet

Back

A total amount of nutrients we need

Card 3

Front

Define balanced diet

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are the correct proportions in a diet?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are the sources of carbohydrates?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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