BIOLOGY- Homeostatis

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  • Created by: Morgan
  • Created on: 18-03-17 18:43
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining a constant internal environment
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What is meant by excretion?
Way of which waste substances are removed by cells during their metabolic processes
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What two substances does our body excrete?
Co2 and Urea
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CO2 is a waste product of what?
Respiration
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What is the word equation for respiration ?
Glucose + oxygen > carbon dioxide + energy + water
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What is the chemical equation for respiration ?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6H20 + 6CO2 + ENERGY
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Why does carbon dioxide need to be excreted?
+ Lowers PH, makes it more acidic + Denatures enzymes
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How is carbon dioxide removed from the body
Exhaling
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What is urea
Excess amino acids WASTE PRODUCT
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When is urea formed?
Liver convert excess amino acids into urea
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Why is urea bad, and a waste product?
TOXIC
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How Is urea removed from the body?
It is made into urine in the kidneys
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What is urine?
Excess amino acids, excess water, excess ions
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How do water and ions get into the body?
Food and drink
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Why must water leave the body (excess)?
TOO MUCH IN BLOOD STREAM, THEN IT WOULD MOVE BY OSMOSIS INTO THE CELLS, CELLS WOULD BURST (CELL LYSIS)
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What do the kidneys do?
Filter blood and produce urine
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What does the bladder do?
Stores urine
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What do uretes do?
Carries urine from kidney to bladder
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HOW IS UREA MADE?
+ Protein is eaten + protein is split into amino acids by digestion (protease) +Amio acids are used to make new proteins + Some amino acids are excess + Waste excess changed to amino acids in the liver + Urea carried in blood stream to kidney
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What breaks down amino acids by digestion?
Protease
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WHERE IS UREA MADE?
LIVER
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WHERE IS URINE MADE?
KIDNEYS
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WHAT CARRIES UREA TO KIDNEYS?
Uretes
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How do the kidneys work (learn this)?
+Filter blood to remove glucose, minerals, wate, urea + Glusocse reabsorbed and water and ions needed + Urine is produced
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What is reabsorbed from the kidneys?
+ Glucose + Needed water and ions
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How is water lost?
+ Breathing + Sweat + urine
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Where is ions lost?
+ sweat +urine
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Why do water and ions need to be controlled?
Prevent cell damage , if content is wrong too much water may move in or out of cells
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What is it important to also control?
+Body temp + Glucose +
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What jobs do a healthy kidney do?
+ reabsorb all sugar + filtering the blood +reabsorning dissolved ions + reabsorbing water + releasing urea excess water and ions as urine
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What happens If kidneys don't function
+ death because toxic substances accumulate in blood + their lives Can be saved by dialysis or kidney transplant
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Steps of the kidneys filtering blood?
+ The kidneys absorb ions, water, glucose, urea ( from liver), the glucose is reabsorbed my active transport and any needed water and ions + The excess urea and water, ions are made into urea + Urea is stored in the bladder
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What carries urine from kidney to bladder?
Ureters
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Name three ways water is lost
+ Sweat + Exhaling + Urine
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Name two ways ions are lost
+ Sweat + Urine
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What is involved in a kidney transplant?
+Replaacing a damaged kidney, with one from a donor + The donor can be someone living or recently deceased + They need to be from someone with similar tissue (often blood relatives)
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What is meant by organ rejection?
+ Immune system detects a transplanted organ as foreign + An immune response is made against it + Antigens are formed to try and destroy the organ
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What detects the foreign kidney?
+The T cells detect the foreign antigens
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What does sterile mean?
Free off pathogens
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What are immunosuppressant drugs?
+ They suppress the immune system +BUT THEY CANT FIGHT INFECTIONS
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+ Why are immunosuppressant drugs bad?
+ The person cant leaves sterile areas
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What is an alternative to immunosuppressant drugs?
+ The bone marrow radiation
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What is bone marrow radiation involve?
+ Patients bone marrow is treated with radiation + This stops the production of WBC, so suppressing the immune system
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In a dialysis machine what does blood flow through?
A partially permeable membrane
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Explain what happens with a dialysis machine
+ Waste urea passes out from the blood to dialysis fluid, by diffusion.
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Why is the membrane partially permeable
+ Urea, water and ions can pass out + Glucose stays in the blood
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+ Explain how the urea goes from blood to dialysis fluid
+ Urea diffuses + So there is a low concerntration is dialysis fluid + So it diffuses from the high concerntration in blood to low concerntration in dialysis fluid
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+ What is diffusion?
Movement of a substance from a region of higher concerntration to a region of lower concerntration. Includes the movement of gas or solute molecules
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+ What is osmosis?
+ Movement of water molecules from low to high concentration across a partially permeable membrane
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+ What does diffusion move across
+ Partially permable membrane
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+ What does osmosis move across?
+ Partially permeable membrane
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+ What is active transport?
+ movement of ions and molecules from low concerntraion to high concerntration
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+ What does active transport require a lot of?
ATP energy
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+ What does active transport move across?
Cell membrane
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+ Advantages of transplant
+ Don't need a restricted diet +Cheaper
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+ Disadvatages of Tranplant
+ Kidney could be reacted +Immunosupresent drugs need or bone marrow radiation + Weakened immune system, has to stay in sterile areas
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+ Advantages of dialysis
+ Keeps person alive whilst waiting for transplant +Successfully removes urea from the blood
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+ Disadvanges of dialysis
+ Blood clots may result + Have to have this regularly + Have to take blood thinners which are dangerous + Expensive
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In dialysis why cant protein molecules move out of the blood?
TOO BIG CANT PASS THROUGH PPM
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Why shouldn't protein leave the blood?
+ Muscles and bones
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What is urea?
Amino acids excess
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What is protein broken down into?
Amino acids
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+What breaks down protein?
Protease
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+ What detects change in external temp
Theroreceptors in skin
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+ What detects change in internal temp
Theroreceptors in hypothalamus
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Where is the hypothalamus.?
Brain
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How does our body cools uss down?
+ Hair erector muscles relax and make hair lie flat. SO less air is trapped + Sweat glands produce sweat, this evaporates from skins surface and cools us down + Blood vessels near skins surface widen, so more blood is near the skins surface
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How does widening blood vessels cools us down?
+ More blood near skins surface + Increase heat loss by radiation
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How does our body heat us up?
+ SHivering + No sweat from sweat glands + Erector muscles contact and stand up, and trap a thermal insulating layer of air + Blood vessels near skins surface get narrower
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+ What is shivering?
+ Rapid muscles contractions
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+ How does shivering heat us up?
+ Cells respire quicker +This gives off heat
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+ Need a supply of glucose for what?
+ RESPIRATION + Stop water moving by osmosis
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What hormones do our pancreas secrete?
+ Insulin + Glucagon
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+ What makes blood sugar levels higher?
+ Food and drink
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+ What makes blood sugar levels lower?
Excercise
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How much glucose should be in blood per 100cm3
90mg
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What detects blood sugar levels?
Pancreas
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+ What happens when blood sugar levels are too high?
+ Pancreas secretes insulin + Insulin travels in blood to liver + Glucose is converted and stored as glycogen +Lowers blood sugar levels
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+ What happens if blood sugar levels are too high?
+ Liver has glycogen which is broken back down into glucose + Glucose goes back to blood
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What is glucose?
+ A carbohydrate needed for respiration
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What condition can pancreas not make enough insulin?
+ Diabetes
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What hormone that makes your liver break down glycogen Into glucose?
Glucagon
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What insoluble carbohydrate is stored in liver for when not enough glucose?
GlycoGON
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+ What hormone made in the pancreas causes glucose to pass the blood and be stored as glycogen in liver cells?
Insulin
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+ WHAT IS A CHEMICAL MESSANGER CARRIED IN BLOOD THAT CAUSES A CHANGE IN BODY
Hormone
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What hormone controls sugar levels
Insulin
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What is a hormone?
+ CHemical messenger + In blood + Causes changes in body
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What happens when there isn't enough glucose in bloodI
+ GlycoGON is released from liver, and broken down back into glucose and in blood
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What does glucagon do?
Breaks down glycoGON back to glucose
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+ What usually causes type 1 diabetes ?
+ Genetic information + Pancreas problem
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+ What usually causes type 2 diabetes?
+ Diet +No excercise
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+ How is type 2 controlled?
Healthy diet + Excercise
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+ What is type 2 diabetes?
+ Blood no longer responds to insulin
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+ Who does type 2 usually effect
40+
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+Who does type 1 usually effect
Children
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Treatment for diabetes?
+ Pancreas transplant +Regular insulin injections
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Side effects of diabetes?
+ Extreme tiredness, thirst, protein and glucose in urine
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+ A health persons sugar levels shouldn't....
FLUCTUATE TOO MUCH
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+ Why does drinking a cold drink in a hot room cool you down less?
+ Interntal temp lowers + hypothalamus thermoreceptors detrcts this + Doesn't try and cool you down as much
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+ Why does taking a 15c shower cool you less than a 30c shower
+ 15 C shower your body is cooled less than 35C because at 35C the body reacts to try and cool down. Thermoreceptors in skin detect this
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What is meant by excretion?

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Way of which waste substances are removed by cells during their metabolic processes

Card 3

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What two substances does our body excrete?

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Card 4

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CO2 is a waste product of what?

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Card 5

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What is the word equation for respiration ?

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