Biology Evolution Test

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What is VARIATION?
VARIATION is the differences between individuals for example hair colour, eye colour, height etc.
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WHY is variation important?
Sometimes Species Adapt For Essesntial survival? (SAFE). This is usually as a result of habitat destruction, environmental/climate change or food source differentiation etc.
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EXPLAIN Natural selection... (Mark Scheme Answer)
For there to be variation, there must have been a mutation eg. elephants trunk. if the mutation is beneficial eg. trunk reaches higher leaves then the new beneficial alleles are passed down through breeding.
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What does the theory of EVOLUTION state?
This is the idea that organisms change over time and the common thought that we have evolved from apes. It states that we chnge as a reult of natural selction eg. if a random mutation occurs it will be 'survival of the fittest' to select traits.
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Talk about LAMARCK'S Theory...
Lamarck's theory explains that organisms can learn from environment and pass knowledge etc. on to offspring. EG. one day the girafe just grew it's neck to reach food and then this was passed on as knowledge. BUT we are not born with knowledge!
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What is the theory of CREATIONISM?
This theory states that everything is made by God and God made all living ORGANISMS therfore we did not evolve. Many believe the bible and insufficient scientific evidence prove this theory to be correct.
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What is the theory of 'INTELLIGENT DESIGN'?
This theory follows the belief that we were not created by a God but an intelligent engineer/supernatural designer who created our adaptations etc. But this is contradicted by the fact that some organisms have imperfections eg. the laryngeal nerve
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NEW Species can be made through....
Geological barriers which split populations and stop interbreeding. each split up group is likely to then diverge based on their different environments and therefore new species are created.
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What are FOSSILS and what CONDITIONS are needed to from them?
Fossils are preserved bones etc that can help build records of past and background. They need to start of hard; have little or no oxygen have a gas or something similar to kill decomposes and the temperature must be too low for decay.
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What is MINERALISATION?
Mineralisation is where parts of the organisms are replaced by other materials as they decay over time.
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What are the LIMITATIONS of using fossil records?
We may not have completed records which means there are gaps in which we can only assume and also fossils can be destroyed by geological hazards such as volcanic eruptions.
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Generally speaking, explain the evolution of the HORSE?
It is most likely that the horse had and environmental change from forst to flat land which could have been cause by a fire; as a result the number of toes that they had decreased and meanwhile the height increased which can help them to run faster.
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DEFINITION of mimicry...
A mechanical defence mechanism where an organism uses features to trick others into fearing/ignoring it.
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Explain what is meant by MIMICRY...
Mimicry is pretending or imitading eg. predators in order to survive. Often colours present warning so a defenceless organisms copies the dangerous creatures colours etc.
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What are the DISADVANTAGES of mimicry?
if the original mutates, the mimic quickly becomes exposed; if populations of mimics are high perdators will most likely learn the difference and predators may also begin to eat the original/both start to appear defenceless
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What is a species?
A group of similar organisms that can breed together to produce FERTILE offspring
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What do anitbiotics do to TREAT bacteria?
Bacteria can be both good or bad; anitbiotics are used for bad bacteria and interfere with protein synthesis.
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How might new SUPERBUGS form?
Superbugs can form by antimicrobial resistance: this occurs when bacteria cells naturally mutate; leave their DNA behind or by over use of antibiotics.
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What is SELECTIVE BREEDING?
Selective breeding is a process where we breed plants or animals for particular characteristics eg. to help produce higher yields.
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Postives of Selective Breeding...
We can domesticate animals and use them for eg. guide dogs; we can provide our selections with resistance to disease etc. and we increse yields,nutritional content and feed the growing population.
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Negatives of Selective Breeding...
Selective Breeding reduces varaiation in the gene pool and can lead to health problems also species can eventually become imbred with loss of fertility; there are also ethical concerns.
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How does GENETIC ENGINEERING work?
Dna is extracted from a pancreatic cell; an enzyme is used to isolate a gene. Aplasmid is cut open using the same enzyme and the gene is inserted. The bacteria are then cultured and grown in fermenters.
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What are ligase/restriction enzymes and lipozymes?
Ligase is used to join section of DNA together; Restriction enzymes are used to cut sections of DNA and lipozymes break open bacterial cells.
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What is TAXONOMY?
Taxonomy is the science of classification; there are 8 groups; each are called taxons. Domain, King, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Sausages.
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Classification means...
To classify is to organise and present data ina logical order; the classification system is binomial.
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What is our classification system?
The BINOMIAL system means that each species has a generic and species name which allows us to break language barriers. Species names shoukld have a capital on the first word and be all in italics.
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What is the definiton of EXTINCTION?
Extinction is the dissappearance of a species either globally or locally.
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Name 7 CAUSES of extinction...
Changed food webs, Climate Change, Disrupted relations, Environmental changes, Hunting/fishing, Habitat destruction and introduction of species.
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Describe the process of tissue culture...
The required gene is inserted into the vector, the vector is introduced to bacterium, plant cells are infected with the bacteria, plants are screened, modified cells are grown as plantlets, plants are trialled, cells are cultured to produce plants.
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Describe the process of adult cell cloning...
A body cell's nucleus is put in an empty egg cell and an electric shock is used to stimulate division. cells divide and form an embryo, embryo divides to from ball of cells and is implanted in adult FEMALE.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

WHY is variation important?

Back

Sometimes Species Adapt For Essesntial survival? (SAFE). This is usually as a result of habitat destruction, environmental/climate change or food source differentiation etc.

Card 3

Front

EXPLAIN Natural selection... (Mark Scheme Answer)

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What does the theory of EVOLUTION state?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Talk about LAMARCK'S Theory...

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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