Biology Essay Titles

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Importance of energy transfer between organisms
ATP for eg. muscle contraction, photosynthesis, trophic levels eg.producers and consumers, respiration, neurotransmitters.
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Importance of shapes fitting together
Digestive enzymes eg.amylase for glycogen stores, neurotransmitters, plasma membrane, immune cells, recombinant DNA sticky ends.
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Give 2 enzymes which are beyond spec and what it does?
Trypsin-found in small intestine breaks down proteins into animo acids, Dicer associates with siRNA and cuts the target mRNA when the siRNA binds to it.
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Bacteria in humans and other organisms
TB lung disease caused by bacteria in lungs forming tubercles, eutrophication, in vivo gene technology uses bacterial plasmids as vector, nitrogen cycle, antibiotic resistance.
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Use of DNA in science and technology
Bacterial DNA is used as vectors for in vivo gene technology, DNA probes used to see if person has genetic condition, genome sequencing to classify organisms, chemotherapy to treat cancer inhibits DNA replication, iPS stem cells for adults eg.organs
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Cycles in biology
Cell cycle, muscle contraction, calvin cycle, nitrogen cycle, cardiac cycle, breathing cycle, mass flow in plants
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Causes of diseases in humans
Risk factors for cancer, gene mutations, tumour suppressor and proto onca genes, TB from bacteria in lungs, atheroma leading to CHD.
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Movement of substances in organisms
Kidneys-osmoregulation, photosynthesis movement of H+ and ATP from thylakoid membrane to stroma, movement of enzymes due to temperature, mass flow, digestion-co transport and circulation.
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Importance of water in living organisms
Hydrolysis of bonds in eg.ATP, homeostasis-sweating, photolysis in photosynthesis, cohesion tension/mass flow, good solvent so transports substances around the body.
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Ions in organisms
Co transport of glucose, electron transport chains, osmoregulation in kidneys, nitrogen cycle, eutrophication, nervous impulses and photosynthesis.
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DNA and the transfer of information
Natural selection, transcription and translation, DNA replication, transfer of neurotransmitters, in vivo/vitro gene technology, mutations in DNA,.
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Movement across cell membranes in functioning of organs
Blood glucose into liver and muscles, co transport in small intestine, oxygen to heart muscle, mineral ions into root, removal of waste products at kidney.
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Pressure in living organisms
Tissue fluid-hydrostatic, pressure in glomerulus in kidneys-ultrafiltration, mass flow, breathing mechanics, selection pressures, partial pressure of o2 for gas exchange.
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Hydrogen bonds in living organisms
Between chains in cellulose, between bases in DNA, between water molecules, £D tertiary structure of proteins, enzymes put pressure on them in substrates.
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Offspring by the same parents have different appearances
Gene mutations, environment-methylation and acetylation, meiosis-crossing our and independent segregation, genetic crosses-different combinations of genotypes.
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Causes of disease in humans
Gene mutations in tumour supressor genes and proto oncagenes, bacteria in lungs=TB/exposure to dust=fibrosis, risk factors for cancer-genetic (BRAC1) or environmental, atheroma formation leads to CHD.
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Control of processes in cells
Nervous transmission-muscle contaction, tumour supressor genes/proto oncagenes, limiting factors of photosynthesis, insulin-glycogenesis, chemoreceptors increase respiration.
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Membrane functions
Receptors for hormones eg. insulin, diffusion of o2 in gaseous exchange, pacinian corpuscle, immune response-t cells, co transport of glucose, ultrafiltration in kidneys, nervous transmission through membrane channels.
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Carbon dioxide in organisms and ecosystems
Chemoreceptors increase HR and breathing rate, photosynthesis, respiration of decomposers in nitrogen cycle, greenhouse effect, gaseous exchange.
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What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?
Alpha=hydrogen is above hydroxide. Beta=hydroxide above hydrogen.
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How do you do the biuret test for proteins?
Make the sample alkaline with sodium hydroxide, then add copper (II) sulphate solution. If there is a protein present it will turn purple, if theres no protein the solution will stay blue.
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Responses to changes in external or internal environment
Chemoreceptors cause increase in HR/breathing rate, automatic responses to avoid damage, natural selection, responses (kinetic), haemoglobin bohr shift, homeostasis negative feedback, diabetes.
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Human control of growth, reproduction and development of organisms including themselves
Immune response to pathogens, tumour supressor genes, agriculture, succession, recombinant DNA technology.
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Causes and importance of variation
Speciation through geographical isolation, genetic fingerprinting, antigenic variation, meiosis, founder effects/genetic bottlenecks=more likely for genetic conditions, DNA technology.
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Card 2

Front

Importance of shapes fitting together

Back

Digestive enzymes eg.amylase for glycogen stores, neurotransmitters, plasma membrane, immune cells, recombinant DNA sticky ends.

Card 3

Front

Give 2 enzymes which are beyond spec and what it does?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Bacteria in humans and other organisms

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Use of DNA in science and technology

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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