biology, diagnostic constructs, practical implications

who was Gould?

influential in biology of development - evolutionary biologist

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how much of our DNA is shared with chimps?

98%

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what do genes do?

make enzymes and these control chemical process rates - not complex behaviours - so arent suitable comparisons of development between species

3 of 24

what is the misconception of intellectual abilities and race?

primitive races had smaller brains - size of skulls different but didnt falsify theory - just wanted to find evidence (mis-reasured skull to fit theory)

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why is IQ as a measure of intelligence nonsense?

it doesnt include the strengths and weaknesses of the individual

5 of 24

what did Gould do when studying at University of Leeds?

weekends travelled to nightclubs in Bradford standing outside to see who could get in in 1967 - only white caucasians

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what is down's syndrome?

affects 21st chromosome - extra chromosome and has profound effect on physical and cognitive development (21st chromosome is smallest)

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what are environmental disorders?

happen in the womb - e.g. women experiencing morning sickness took thalidomide and affected number of arms/legs born with - children in poverty malnourished affecting mental and physical development - if mother was malnourished when pregnant impacts

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what is dynamical systems theory?

dynamic = change over time, system = many elements that interact in a complex but lawful manner

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how is something complex?

if it cant be predicted

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what was Van bergen et al's model?

there is an interaction of genes and environment - e.g. dyslexia can be formed because 2 parents dont like reading because of a genetic bias that makes it difficult so they read to their child less

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what is Pennington's model?

there are a number of levels that all interact with each other (genetic, neural systems, sensorimotor processes, higher order cognition, behaviours and diagnostic constructs) - in ascending order - further get up harder to determine problem

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what level of Pennington's model does research focus on?

sensorimotor processes

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how do neurodevelopmental disorders occur and how do we diagnose them?

problem at one of Pennington's levels - have to look at their typical behaviour pattern to determine which disorder they have

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what is a (hypothetical) construct?

explanatory variable which isnt directly observable and where there is no single observable referent (thing denoted by the word) and for which there exist multiple referents (non all-inclusive)

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what are diagnosis of disorders termed as?

constructs - fuzzy edged taxonomy - children are different within same diagnostic category

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what is the diagnostic statistics of ADHD when use DSM-V and ICD-10?

1-2% DSM-v and 3-9% ICD-10 - diagnosis depends on manual used - wide categories, not black and white

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what is world health organisations definition of disability?

participation, activities, body functions and structure, health condition, and contextual factors all contribute to disabilities

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what are the main influences of unhealthy development?

child biases (genes - e.g. extra 22nd chromosome), dietary exposure and pregnancy behaviours

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what dietary exposures are good and bad for development?

iodine = good, acrylamides = neg, alcohol = neg

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what are the percentage rates of smoking and drinking during pregnancy?

15% smoke = 33% white British, 3% south asian -- 20% drink = 43% white british, 0.2% south asian

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what can be the impact of culture on development?

writing left to right or right to left - differences in brain in different cultures - may struggle if not in a country where they do it the same

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how have assessment systems been updated to aid development?

movement ABC performance section (manual dexterity, ball skills, static balance) - subjective and time consuming vs. CKAT which is objective and time-efficient

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how can robot guided therapy help?

improves fine motor control

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biology, diagnostic constructs, practical implications

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