Biology Chapter 1

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  • Created by: rosieg123
  • Created on: 06-11-17 10:52
Macromolecule
A large molecule often formed by polymerisation
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Starch
A long chain polymer formed of α-glucose
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Monosaccharide
Single sugar monomer
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Disaccharide
Sugar made up of 2 monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic bond, formed in a condensation reaction
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Polysaccharide
A polymer made up of long chains of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds
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Ribose
A pentose sugar that makes up part of the structure of RNA
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Deoxyribose
A pentose sugar that makes up part of the structure of DNA
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DNA
A nucleic acid that acts as the genetic material in many organisms
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RNA
A nucleic acid which can acts as the genetic material in some organisms and is involved in protein synthesis
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Isomers
Molecules that have the same chemical formula but different molecular formulas
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Glycosidic bond
Covalent bond which is formed between 2 monosaccharides in a condensation reaction
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Amylose
A complex carbohydrate containing only glucose monomers joined together by 1,4-glycosidic bonds so the molecules form long unbranched chains
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Amylopectin
A complex carbohydrate made up of glucose monomers joined by both 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds so the molecules branch repeatedly.
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Glycogen
Made up of many α-glucose units joined by 1,4-glycosidic bonds but also has 1,6-glycosidic bonds, giving it many side branches
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Cellulose
Complex carbohydrate with β-glucose monomers held together by 1,4-glycosidic bonds. Important in plant cell walls.
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Lipids
Family of organic molecules important in cell membranes and as an energy store in many organisms
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Ester bond
Bond formed in a condensation reaction between the carboxyl group of a fatty acid and one of the hydroxyl group of glycerol
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Phospholipid
A chemical in which glycerol bonds with 2 fatty acids and an inorganic phosphate group
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Hydrophilic
Dissolves readily in water. "Likes water"
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Hydrophobic
Does not dissolve readily in water. "Hates water"
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Amino Acids
Monomer for proteins. Consisting of an animo group and a carboxyl group attached to a carbon atom and an R group that varies.
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Peptide bond
Bond that is formed by a condensation reaction between amino acids
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Fibrous proteins
Tough, rope-shaped. Eg. collagen
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Globular protein
Large proteins folded into spherical shapes. Metabolic functions, round, compact, easily soluble for transport. Eg. Haemoglobin
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Nucleotide
Molecules with a pentose sugar, base, and phosphate group- joined by condensation reactioms
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ATP
Nucleotide that acts as a universal energy supply
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Purine Base
2 nitrogen-containing rings. Adenine and Guanine.
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Pyrimidine Base
1 nitrogen-containing ring. Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil.
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ATPase
Enzyme that catalyses the the information and the breakdown of ATP, depending on conditions.
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Nucleic Acids
Polymers made up of many nucleotide monomer units that carry all the information needed to make new cells
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Phosphodiester bond
Bond formed between the phosphate group of 1 nucleotide and the sugar of another in a condensation reaction
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DNA helicase
Enzyme that unwinds DNA strand
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DNA polymerase
Enzyme that arranges nucleotides so they are in the right order
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DNA ligase
Enzyme that forms bonds between the 2 strands of DNA
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pre-mRNA
mRNA before it has undergone splicing to remove introns
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mRNA
RNA found in the nucleus the carries the genetic code into the cytoplasm
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tRNA
Small units of RNA that pick up specific amino acids from the cytoplasm and transport them to the surface of the ribosome
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Mutation
Permanent change in the DNA of an organism
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Point mutation/ gene mutation
A change in 1 or a small number of nucleotides affecting a single gene
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Substitution
A type of point mutation in which one base in a gene is substituted for another
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Deletion
A type of point mutation where a base is completely lost
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Insertion
A type of point mutation where an extra base is added into a gene
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Mutagen
Anything that increases the rate of mutation
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

A long chain polymer formed of α-glucose

Back

Starch

Card 3

Front

Single sugar monomer

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Sugar made up of 2 monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic bond, formed in a condensation reaction

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

A polymer made up of long chains of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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