biology c3-4

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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS OCCURS ON
RIBOSOMES IN THE CYTOPLASM
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THE CODE NEEDED TO PRODUCE A PROTEIN IS CARRIED FROM WHERE
THE DNA TO THE RIBOSOMES BY A MOLECULE CALLED mRNA
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PROTEINS:
1. ARE MADE OF LONG CHAINS OF AMINO ACIDS 2. CAN BE STRUCTURAL, HORMONES, CARRIER MOLECULES OR ENZYMES
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MUTATIONS MAY LEAD TO THE PRODUCTION OF DIFFERENT PROTEINS. WHY?
THIS IS BECAUSE A CHANGE IN THE BASES IN DNA CAN CHANGE THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE
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PROTEINS ARE CODED FOR BY DNA
1. THE BASE SEQUENCE CODES FOR THE ORDER OF AMINO ACIDS 2. EACH AMINO ACID IS CODED FOR BY THREE BASES
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CHROMOSOMES ARE
LONG, COILED MOLECULES OF DNA, DIVIDED UP INTO REGIONS CALLED GENES
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ENZYMES ARE SPECIFIC AND WORK BY
A LOCK AND KEY MECHANISM
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ENZYMES ARE AFFECTED BY PH AND TEMPERATURE BECAUSE
1. LOWER COLLISION RATES AT LOWER TEMPERATURES 2. DENATURING AT EMTREMES OF PH AND HIGH TEMPERATURES
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IN MEOISOS
THE CHROMOSOME NUMBER IS HALVED AND EACH CELL IS GENETICALLY DIFFERENT
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GAMETES ARE PRODUCED BY
MEIOSIS
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NEW CELL GROWTH ARE PRODUCED BY
MITOSIS
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THE NEW CELLS MADE BY MITOSIS ARE
GENETICALLY IDENTICAL
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BEING MULTICELLULAR ALLOWS ORGANISMS TO
1. BE LARGER 2. USE CELL DIFFERENTIATION 3. BE MORE COMPLEX
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UNDIFFERENTIATED CELLS CALLED STERM CELL CAN TURN INTO
DIFFERENT CELLS, TISSUES AND ORGANS
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GROWTH CAN BE MEASURED BY
A CHANGE IN WET MASS, DRY MASS OR LENGTH. DRY MASS IS THE BEST MEASURE
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THE SYMBOL EQUATION FOR AEROBIC RESPIRATION IS
C2H12O6 + 6O2 ---6CO2 + 6H2O
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ANEROBIC RESPIRATION
TAKES PLACE DURING HARD EXERCISE WHEN THERE IS LITTLE OXYGEN AVAILABLE
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ANEROBIC RESPIRATION PRODUCES LACTIC ACID WHICH
1. BUILDS UP IN MUSCLES CAUSING PAIN AND FATIGUE 2. ACTS AS AN OXYGEN DEBT AND HAS TO BE BROKEN DOWN IN THE LIVER AFTER EXERCISE
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ARTERIES HAVE
THICK ELASTIC WALLS AND CARRY BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART
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VEINS HAVE
LARGE LUMENS AND VALVES, AND CARRY BLOOD BACK TO THE HEART
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CAPILLARIES ARE
PERMEABLE AND LINK ARTERIES TO VEINS
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THE HEART HAS
4 CHAMBERS AND IS PART OF A DOUBLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
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RED BLOOD CELLS
CARRY OXYGEN AROUND THE BODY AND ARE ADAPTED FOR THIS FUNCTION
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GENE THERPY
INVOLVES CHANGING A PERSONS GENES TO TRY AND CURE DISORDERS
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DOLLY THE SHEEP WAS PRODUCED BY
THE PROCESS OF NUCLEAR TRANSFER- THIS INVOLVES PLACING THE NUCLEUS OF A BODY CELL INTO AN EGG CELL
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NEW CLONING TECHNOLOGY WILL
1. PRODUCE A NUMBER OF BENEFITS 2. INVOLVE CERTAIN RISKS 3. RAISE ETHNIC ISSUES
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PLANTS CAN BE CLONED BY
TISSUE CULTURE WHICH PROVIDES A NUMBER OF BENEFITS
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WHY IS CLONING PLANTS EASIER THAN CLONING ANIMALS
BECAUSE MANY PLANT CELLS RETAIN THE ABILITY TO DIFFERENTIATE
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A SELECTIVE BREEDING PROGRAMME CAN PRODUCE
ORGANISMS WITH DISIRED CHARACTERISTICS BUT MAY REDUCE THE GENE POOL LEADING TO PROBLEMS OF INBREEDING
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What is an ecosystem
eg. a garden, includes all living things and their surroundings
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what is the name of a place where an organism lives
habitat
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what is the difference between a community and a population
community= is made up of organisms living there population = is the number of a particular organism in the community
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what have a wider biodiversity than artificial ecosystems (forestry plantations)
native ecosystems ( woodlands, lakes)
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what is zonation
it is a gradual change in species distributed across a habitat
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what can help map the distribution of organisms
a transect line and have it displayed as a kite diagram
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capture- recapture data assumes
- no deaths, immigration, emigration - identical sampling methods - survival rates are not affected by marking organisms
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capture-recapture data can be used to calculate a population size estimate
population size= number in 1st sample X number in 2nd sample DIVIDED BY number in 2nd sample previously marked
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photosynthesis is two-stage process
- light energy splits water into oxygen gas and hydrogen ions - carbon dioxide gas combines with the hydrogen to make glucose and water
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greek scientists believed
plants take minerals from the soil
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Van Helmont believed
plant growth needs more than minerals
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Priestley believed
plants produce oxygen
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balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis is
6CO2 + 6H2O -- C6 H12 06 + 602
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isotope experiments showed
oxygen comes from water
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what are limiting factors in photosynthesis
carbon dioxide, light and temperature
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leaves are adapted for efficient photosynthesis
large surface area, thin, contain pigments, have vascular bundles and guard cells
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diffusion is
the net movement of particles from high concentration to a low concentration
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the rate of diffusion is
increased by a shorter distance, a greater concentration gradient and a greater surface area
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transpiration is
the evaporation and diffusion of water from leaves
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Osmosis is
the net movement of water from a high to a low water concentration across a partially- permeable membrane
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transpiration rate is
increased by increased light intensity, temperature, air movement and a decrease in humidity
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plants require
nitrates for cell growth, phosphates for respiration and growth, potassium for respiration, magnesium for photosynthesis
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minerals are
absorbed by active transport, which needs energy
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detritivores feed on
dead and decaying animals
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saprophytic fungi use
extracellular digestion
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intensive food production improves
the efficiency of energy transfer
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hydroponics has advantages and disadvantages
advantages = better control of minerals and water disadvantage= lack of support
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biological control has advantages and disadvantages
advantages= no chemical pesticides disadvantages= introduced predator may become a pest
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organic farming uses
animal manure, crop rotation, weeding and differing planting times
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

THE CODE NEEDED TO PRODUCE A PROTEIN IS CARRIED FROM WHERE

Back

THE DNA TO THE RIBOSOMES BY A MOLECULE CALLED mRNA

Card 3

Front

PROTEINS:

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

MUTATIONS MAY LEAD TO THE PRODUCTION OF DIFFERENT PROTEINS. WHY?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

PROTEINS ARE CODED FOR BY DNA

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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