Biology b6

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What is flagellum?
Helps bacterium to move.
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What does the cell wall do?
Helps bacterium keep its shape and prevents it bursting.
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What is bacterial DNA?
Controls bacterium's activities and its replication.
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What is the Antiseptic technique?
Wear disposable gloves/wash hands. Disinfect working areas. Sterilise all equipment before and after use. Never leave lids off containers.
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4 things needed for growing yeast?
Need food, optimum temperature, optimum pH, removal of waste products.
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What happens to bacteria when the temperature changes?
As temp increases, bacteria multiply faster and enzymes work better. Above 45 degrees Celsius, enzymes denature and bacteria die.
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What is a pathogen?
Microorganism that causes disease.
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What is antibiotic resistance?
Caused by mutation. To slow it, doctors only prescribe antibiotics when they are needed and patients should complete the course.
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What does fermentation mean?
Anaerobic respiration in yeast.
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Equation for anaerobic respiration?
glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide. C^6 H^12 O^6--> 2C (bottom)2 H^5 OH + 2CO^2
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What happens to yeast during fermentation?
Yeast strains with higher tolerance can continue at higher levels of alcohol.
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How do you make yoghurt?
Lactobacillus bacteria convert lactose in lactic acid, which changes proteins in the milk.
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What is pasteurisation?
Heating beer or milk to a very high temperature to kill pathogens.
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What is biomass?
Mass of plants.
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What is biogas?
Gas produced by organic material when it decays. 60% methane, 40% CO2. Produced in a digester.
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What is gasohol?
Ethanol (produced from fermenting sugar from sugar cane) mixed with petrol. E.g Brazil has lots of sugar can but hardly any oil.
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Advantages of gasohol?
No net increase in CO2 levels. Fossil fuels will last longer.
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Disadvantages of gasohol?
Destroys natural habitat. Could lead to extinction.
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3 things about sandy soils?
Big particles, big air spaces, drains well.
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2 things about clay soil?
Small particles close together, easily waterlogged.
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What is humus?
Decomposed material.
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What is loam?
Good soil, contains clay and sand and lots of humus.
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What are Detritivores?
E.g earthworms, feed on dead organic matter.
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What do earthworms do?
Improve structure and fertility of soil and burrowing, mixing layers, burying organic material from surface and adding chalk to neutralise acidic soil.
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Advantages of living in water?
Organisms don't dry out, less variation in temperatures during the year, water supports weight so it can grow bigger.
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Disadvantages of Living in water?
Hard to maintain water balance in cells. Small organisms find it difficult to move against the currents.
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What is a contractile vacuole?
Amoeba (single celled organism) pumps excess water into contractile vacuole and empties it out of the cell.
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What is bioaccumulation?
Build up of chemicals in food chain e.g DDT and PCB's - toxic and not broken down in the body.
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What is biological washing powder?
Works best in warm water. Too cold = Molecules move too slowly. Too hot = enzymes denature.
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What is a surcrase (invertase)?
Breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose - much sweeter, smaller amounts used, fewer calories.
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What are immobilised enzymes?
Enzyme mixed with alginate then dropped into calcium chloride solution to form beads.
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Advantages of immobilised enzymes?
Easier to seperate enzyme from product, enzymes can be re-used, products need less purification.
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Disadvantages of immobilised enzymes?
Shape of enzyme might be changed so it is less effective, expensive to develop.
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What is lactase?
Immobilised enzyme used to make lactose - free milk. Converts lactose -> glucose + galactose.
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What is genetic engineering?
Restriction enzymes- cut the DNA. Sticky ends - the cut ends of DNA. Ligase - enzymes that join sticky ends together. Plasmid - circular DNA from bacteria.
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What is the triplet code?
3 bases code for 1 amino acid. Same in all organisms
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What does the cell wall do?

Back

Helps bacterium keep its shape and prevents it bursting.

Card 3

Front

What is bacterial DNA?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the Antiseptic technique?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

4 things needed for growing yeast?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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