A single celled organism- cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
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Baterial cells
no nucleus- just strands of genetic material
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Diffusion
Diffusion of spreading of particals from a low concentration to an area of
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Cell membrane
Controls the rate of diffusion in and out of the cell
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Photosynthesis equation
carbondioxide + water = oxygen + gluclose
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Mesophyll
Key in photosynthesis becuase it contains lots of choloroplasts which contain the chemical chlorophyll
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Epidermis- Stomata and guard cells
Stomata are gaps in the epidermis tissue that open and close to allow the diffusion of CO2 into the leaf. The openeing and closing of the stomata are controlled by the gurad cells.
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Xylem
transports water around the plant
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Phloem
transports gluclose around the park
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Limiting factors of photosynthesis
Light intensity, volume of CO2, tempreture and water
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Five uses of gluclose in plants
Respiration- gluclose converted into energy Cell walls- gluclose is converted into celluslose Making proteins- gluclose combined with nitrate ion to make amino acids Stored in Seeds-gluclose turned into lipids Stored as starch- in leaves,stems roots
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Enzymes
Biological catalysts in living things
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Enzymes and Substrates
Enzymes have specificly shaped active sites. The substrate has to fit into the active site. After a reaction the subrate is changed (split) and the enzyme is unchanged
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Effect of tempreture on enzymes
Enzymes work best at 37*c. If the tempreture is too high bonds in the enzyme break, changing the shape of the active site, and making the enzyme 'dentatured'
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pH and enzymes
Enzymes have an optimum pH, mainly is pH 7, not always- like pepsin that works in the stomach in acidic conditions
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Amylase
converts starch into maltose- made in the salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine
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Protease
converts protiens to amino acids- made in the stomach, pancreas, and samall intestine
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Lipase
converts lipids (fats) to glycerol and fatty acids - made in the pancreas and small intestine
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Slalivary glands
produce amylase in saliva
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Gullet/ oesophagus
food passes through
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Liver
Produces bile
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Bile
Neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats
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Stomach
Churns food in hydrochloric acid. Produces the enzyme pepsin enzyme.
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Hydrochloric acid
Kills bacteria and gives the right pH for protease to work
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Gall bladder
Where bile is stored, and released into the small intestine
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Pancrease
Produces enzymes- protease, amylase and lipase
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Small intestine
produces enzymes protease, lipase and amylase. Where nurients are absorbed out of food into the blood.
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