Biology

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What are Pathogens?
Micro-organisms that cause infectious diseases and occurs when large numbers of pathogenic micro-organisms enter the body.
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What is a tissue?
A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function.
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Explain the term 'Organ System'.
An organ system is a group of organs working together to peform a particular function.
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Why do enzymes only usually catalyse one reaction?
For the enzyme to work, the substance has to fit into it's active site, so if not then the reaction won't be catalysed.
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What does it mean when an enzyme has been denatured?
When the temperature gets too hot, some of the bonds break which changes the shape of the enzymes active site, so the substrate will no longer fit.
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List the three places where amylase is made in the human body.
The salivary glands, the pancreas and the small intestine.
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Describe how you could investigate the effect of pH on the rate of amylase activity.
Use iodine soloution- if starch is present then the solotion will turn from browny-orange to blue-black.
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What is the role of lipases?
They convert Lipids into Glycerol and fatty acids.
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Where is bile stored?
The gall bladder.
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Name the soloution that you use to test the presence of lipids in a food sample.
Sudan ||| stain soloution.
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Name the tubes that split of the trachea?
Bronchi (bronchus).
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Explain the role that alveoli play in gas exchange.
Alveoli are millions of little air sacs which help oxygen (high concentration) diffuse out of the alveous into the blood (Low concentration) Carbon dioxide (High concentration) diffuses out the blood into the alveous (low concentration).
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Explain 'double circulatory system'.
Humans have a double circulatory system is two circuits (heart, blood, vessels) joined together.
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Why does the heart have valves?
To make sure that blood flows in the right direction.
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Name the four chambers of the heart.
Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium and left ventricle.
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How is the resting heart rate controlled in a healthy heart?
It is controlled by a group of cells in the right atrium that as a pacemaker. These cells produce a small electric impulses which cause the muscles to contract.
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How are arteries adapted to carry blood away from the heart?
They are strong and elastic, thick walls and contain thick layers of muscle.
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Why do red blood cells not have a nucleus?
It allows more room to carry oxygen.
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Give two advantages and disadvantages of statins.
Reduce cholestrol in the blood,, can produce good cholestrol which will rid of bad cholestrol. However they can have negative side effects such as headaches etc. They also have to be taken regulary which there is a risk of someone forgetting.
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What is the difference between biological and mechanical replacement heart valves?
Artificial hearts are mechanical devices that pump blood for a person whose own heart has failed. Biological heart valves are ones taken from other humans and animals.
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What is meant by a non-communicable disease?
Diseases that are spread from person to person.
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Give an example of where different types of disease might interact in the body.
Immune system reactions in the body caused by infection by a pathogen can sometimes trigger alergic reactions such as skin rashes.
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What is meant by a risk factor of a disease?
Risk factors are things that are linked to an increase in the likelihood that a person will develop certain diseases during their lifetime.
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Which type of tumour is cancerous?
Malignant.
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List the tissues that make up a leaf.
Epidermal tissue, palisade mesophyll tissue, spongy mesophyll tissue, xylem, phloem and meristem tissue.
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Explain how the structure of the upper epidermal tissue in a leaf is related to its function.
It's transparent so that light can pass through it to the paliside layer.
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What is the function of phloem?
They transport food substances made in the leaves.
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What is transpiration?
The loss of water from the plant and is caused by evaporation and diffusion of water.
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List the four things that affect transpiration.
Light intensity, Temperature, Air flow and Humidity.
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How do you measure the rate of transpiration?
Measure the uptake of water.
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Name the type of cell that helps open and close the stomata.
Guard cells.
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Name five subcelluar structures that both plant and animal cells have.
Nucleus, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria and Cell membrane.
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What three things do plant cells have that animals don't?
Chloroplasts, cell wall and vacuole.
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What is cell differentiation?
The process in which a cell changes to become specialised for it's job.
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Give three ways a sperm cell adapts to reach the egg.
Long tail, streamlined head and carries alot of mitochondria which gives it energy.
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Wha are chromosomes?
They contain genectic information in the nucleus.
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What is the cell cycle?
Makes new cells for growth, development and repair.
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What is mitosis?
The stage of the cell cycle when the cell divides.
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Give two ways embryonic stem cells can be used to cure diseases?
A type of cloning called therepeutic cloning can be made to match the patients genectic info which will mean their body will not reject it and they can also replace faulty cells in sick people such as insulin-producing cells for diabetics.
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Why might some people be opposed to the use of human embryos in stem cell research?
They believe each one could have been a potentil life.
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What is diffusion?
The gradual movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
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Name three substances that diffuse through the cell membrane, and two that don't.
Small molecules such as glucose and water can diffuse, however big molecules such as starch and proteins cannot.
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What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partally permable membrane from a high concentration of water to a low concentration.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is a tissue?

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A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function.

Card 3

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Explain the term 'Organ System'.

Back

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Card 4

Front

Why do enzymes only usually catalyse one reaction?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What does it mean when an enzyme has been denatured?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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