Disease

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What is health?
The state of physical and mental wellbeing.
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What are the 2 different types of disease?
communicable and non-communicable
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What is communicable disease?
The disease that spreads from person to person or between animals and people.
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What are communicable diseases caused by?
Bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi.
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What is an example of a communicable disease?
Measles and Malaria
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What is a non-communicable disease?
Those that cannot spread between people, they last longer and get worse slowly.
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What is an example of a non-communicable disease?
Asthma, Cancer and coronary heart disease.
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What are the Factors that affect your health?
Disease Your diet The amount of stress that you are under Your life situation
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What is the human cost of non-communicable diseases?
Many people die from these diseases and they may have a lower quality of life or shorter lifespan.
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What is the financial cost of non-communicable diseases?
The cost for researching and treating is huge, families may have to adapt their home to help the family member with the disease, the person may have to give up work therefore the families income is reduced.
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What disease does smoking cause and how?
Cardiovascular disease, lung disease and lung cancer. It damages the walls of the arteries and the cells in the lining of the lungs.
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What diseases does obesity cause and how?
Type 2 diabetes. It makes the body less sensitive or resistant to insulin, meaning that it struggles to control the concentration of glucose in the blood.
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What diseases does Alcohol cause and how?
Liver disease. The liver breaks down alcohol, but the reaction damages its cells. Liver cells can also be damaged when toxic chemicals leak from the gut due to damage to the intestines.
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How does alcohol and smoking create health problems for an unborn baby?
Smoking reduces the amount if oxygen the baby receives in the womb. Alcohol can damage the baby’s cells affecting its development.
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What disease does direct exposure to radiation cause and how?
Cancer They damage a cell’s DNA in a way that makes it more likely to divide uncontrollably.
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how is cancer casued?
By the uncontrolled cell growth and division that results in the formation of a tumour.
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What is a tumour?
A mass of cells.
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What are the two types of tumours?
Benign and malignant.
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What is a Benign tumour?
This is where a tumour grows until there is no more room, the tumour stays in one place rather than spreading. This type is usually not dangerous and isn’t cancerous.
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What is a malignant tumour?
This tumour grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissues, they are dangerous and can be fatal-they are cancerous.
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How do malignant tumours spread?
The cells break off into the bloodstream and travel to other parts of the body. The malignant cells then invade healthy tissues elsewhere in the body and form secondary tumours.
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What are the risk factors of cancer caused by lifestyle choices?
Smoking, obesity, UV exposure and viral infection.
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What types of cancer does Smoking Obesity UV exposure Viral infection……………….. cause?
1)Lung, mouth, bowel, stomach and cervical cancer. 2) bowel, liver and kidney cancer. 3) skin cancer 4) hepatitis B&C causes liver cancer.
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How can genetics be a cause of cancer?
You can inherit faulty genes which make you more susceptible to cancer.
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What is are bacteria?
Bacteria are very small cells that can reproduce rapidly inside your body. They can make you feel ill by producing toxins that damage your cells and tissues.
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What are pathogens?
Pathogens are microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease. They cause communicable diseases (infectious diseases).
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What things can pathogens be?
Bacteria, viruses, protists or fungi.
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What are viruses and how do they make you feel ill?
Viruses are NOT cells- they are much smaller. They can reproduce rapidly inside your body. They live inside of your cells and replicate themselves, the cell will usually burst releasing all the new viruses, this cell damage is what makes you feel ill
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How can pathogens be spread?
Through water, air and through direct contact.
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How is measles spread? What are the symptoms of measles?
Measles is spread by droplets from an infected persons sneeze or cough. People with measles develop a red skin rash and show signs of fever. Measles can sometimes lead to pneumonia a lung infec
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what are protists?
single celled Eukaroyotes e.g parasites that live on or inside other organisms and can cause damage.
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what are fungi?
They are single celled, made up of hyphae (thread like structures) that can grow and penetrate human skinand the surface of plants causing disease.
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How is HIV spread? What are the symptoms?
It is a virus that is spread by sexual contact/exchanging bodily fluids. initially causes flu like symptoms- it can be controlled by antiretrovial drugs.
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What happends when a body is infected with HIV?
The virus attacks the immune cells, therefore if the body's imune system is badly damaged it cannot cope with other infections or cancers.
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what is tobacco mosaic virus?
It affects many species of plants and causes a mosaic pattern or discolouration to the leaves of the plant.
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What does the discolouration of leaves when a plant has tobacco mosaic virus do to the leaves of a plant?
The discolouration means that the plant cannot carry out photosynthesis as well and therefore affects the growth of the plant.
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which diseases are viruses?
Measles, HIV and tobacco mosaic virus.
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what is rose black spot? How does it effect the plant?
It is a fungus that causes purple or black spots to develop on the leaves of rose plants, the leaves then turn yellow and drop off. This means that less photosynthesis can happen and the plant cannot grow very well.
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what it malaria caused by? How is it spread?
It is casued by a protist. Mosquitos pick up a protist when they feed on an infected animal, when it feeds again it passes on the protist. It is casued by repeated episodes of fever.
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What is salmonella? What are the symptoms?
It is a type of bacteria that causes food poisoning. Infected people suffer from fever,cramps,vomiting and diarrhoea.
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what is gonorrhoea? What are the symptoms?
It is a sexually transmitted disease. The symptoms are pains when urinating and a thick yellow/green discharge from the vagina or penis.
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what are examples of bacterial diseases?
Salmonella and gonorrhoea.
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How can you prevent the spread of disease?
Being hygienic, destroying vectors (organisms that spread disease), isolating infected inderviduals, vaccination.
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What is your body's defence system for disease?
skin, hairs and mucus,trachea and bronchi,hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
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What is your body's defence system for disease?
skin, hairs and mucus,trachea and bronchi,hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
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what does the skin do to protect against diseases?
It acts as a barrier to pathogens and secretes antimicrobial substances which kill pathogens.
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What does hair and mucus do to protect against diseases?
Traps particles that could contain pathogens.
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What does the trachea and bronchi do to protect against disease?
secretes mucus to trap pathogens, they are lined with cilia (hair like structures) which waft the mucus up to the back of the throat where it can be swollowed.
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What happens if pathogens make it into your body?
Your immune system kicks in to destroy them.
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What does your immune system do to attack pathogens?
Your immune system contains white blood cells, they travel around in your blood patrolling for microbes.
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What is phagocytosis?
when white blood cells engulf foreign cells and digest them.
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How can white blood cells destroy pathogens?
every pathogen has unique molecules called antigens on its surface. when the white blood cells come across a foreign antigen they start to produce antibodies to lock into the invading cells so that they can be found and destroyed.
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What happens if a person is infected with the same type of pathogen again?
The white blood cells will rapidly reproduce the antibodies to kill it- the person is naturally immune and won't get ill.
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what are the white blood cells that produce antibodies know as?
B- lymphocytes.
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What are the 3 ways in which white blood cells can attack pathogens?
consuming them, producing antibodies and producing antitoxins that counteract the toxins produced by the invading bacteria.
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What are vaccinations for?
protecting us from future infections.
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How does a vaccination work?
It involves injecting a small amout of dead ot inactive pathogen. These pathogens carry antigens which cause your body to produce antibodies- even though the pathagen is harmless. If the same pathogen appears again they can rapidly reproduce.
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What are the pros of vaccination?
Help to control lots of communicable diseases that were once common, Big outbreaks of disesase can be prevented.
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What are the cons of vaccinations?
They dont always work, you can have a bad reaction to the vaccine.
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What are painkillers?
They relieve pain, however dont actuallt tackle the cause of the disease or kill pathogens.
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what are antibiotics?
Antibiotics kill or prevent the growth of bacteria, without killing your own body cells.
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What do antibiotics NOT treat?
Viruses, as they reproduce using your own body cells which makes it very difficult to destroy just the virus without killing the body's cells.
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How can bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?
They can mutate - these mutations sometimes cause them to become resistant to an antibiotic. When your infection and you are treated w/t antibiotics the non-resistant bacteria will be destroyed leaving the resistant bacteria to survive and reproduce.
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How can you prevent the bacteria becomming resistant?
finish the whole course of antibiotics.
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Where do drugs originally come from?
Plants and microrganisms- as they produce a variety of chemicals to defend themselves.
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What are the stages in Drug testing?
search for possible drugs (computer design of molecule), in viro screening (tested on cell cultures), animal testing - animal testing with long term use of chemicals, clinical testing on humans (phase 1), Phase 2, Phase 3, licence, Phase 5.
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What is phase 1?
Testing on a small number of healthy volunteers- low concerntration
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What is phase 2?
Test on a small group of patients with the targeted disease.
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what is phase 3?
continues with a larger group of patients to determine the required dose?
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What is phase 4?
The medicine is monitored for as long as the patients use it. This makes sure that is works and is safe as possible.
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What is a placebo?
a substance thats like the drug being tested but dosent do anything.
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what is the placebo effect?
when the patient expects treatment to work so feels better even though the treatment is doing nothing.
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The clinical is double blind, explain what this means?
it means that the patient and doctor do not knows wether the patient is getting a placebo or the drug.
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what factors do scientists research for when testing for drugs?
Toxicity, efficancy and the dosage.
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how are monoclonal antibodies produced?
From lots of clones B-lymphocytes
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How can you get a antibody to target a specific cell or chemical in the body?
You can fuse a mouse B-lynphocyte with a tumour cell (that can divide lots of times) to create a cell called a hybridoma
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What happens in the reaction zone of a pregnancy test?
Y shaped proteins called antibodies grab onto any HCG (the hormone found in pregnant womens urine). Attached to these antibodies are enzymes with the ability to turn on dye molecules.
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what happens in the test zone of a pregnancy test?
This is where the results show up. Here there are more Y shaped antibodies that will also connect each HCG on one of its 5 bonding sights.
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What happens in the control zone of a pregnancy test?
Confirms that the test is working properly, all the AB1 enzymes should end up here and activate more dye.
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Card 4

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What are communicable diseases caused by?

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Card 5

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What is an example of a communicable disease?

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