Biology

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  • Created by: 13aj
  • Created on: 17-04-17 18:03
What's the word equation for photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water ------ glucose + oxygen
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Carbon dioxide
provides the carbon and oxygen
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Water
provides the hydrogen. The oxygen from the water molecules is not needed so is given off as a waste product
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Light
provides the energy for the chemical reactions in photosynthesis
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Chlorophyll
green pigment in chloroplasts is chlorophyll which absorbs the light to provide the energy for photosynthesis
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Glucose is made of...
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
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What is the experiment for light
1. Leaf on a de-starched plant is partially covered with aliminium to prevent light reaching its surface. 2.Left in light for 24h. 3.The part covered by aliminium foil remains brown and the exposed part turns blue-black if starch is present
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Experiment for chlorophyll
1.Variegated (green amd white) geranium leaf, from plant in a well-lit place is tested for starch. 2. Starch is only present in the green areas which contain chlorophyll
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Experiment for carbon dioxide
1. De-starched plant in light for 48h. 2.One leaf is in a container with sodium hydroxide solution which absorbs carbon dioxide and on leaf is in a container with water. 3.After 48h, the leaf with carbon dioxide contains starch and the leaf without c
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What affects the rate of photosynthesis
Light, Carbon dioxide, Water, and Temperature
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What increases the rate of photosynthesis
light, carbon dioxide and temperature
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Light intensity is greater...
If the light intensity is greater than the chlorophyll can absorb, then any furthe increases in intensity won't have any effect
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Too much carbon dioxide
once the chloroplasts have all the carbon dioxide they need, there is no benefit in increasing it
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Too much water
enough water to keep plant alive, enough for photosynthesis. However, too much water can kill plant as it drives necessary oxygen out of the soil and the roots die off
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High temperature
40 is beneficial. If temperature gets higher it denatures the enzymes and photosynthesis stops.
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What are the limiting factors of photosynthesis
carbon dioxide, temperature and light intensity
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You can tell if a factor is limiting by... it. If the rate of photosynthesis also..., then the factor...
increasing. Increases. Was limiting
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What happens to the glucose made by photosynthesis
Transformed, Transported and Used
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What is glucose used for
respiration to provide energy
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Where and what is glucose transported as/to
as sucrose. To growing points, stem and roots
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What is glucose transformed into
into proteins for growth. Into cellulose for cell walls. Into starch or oils for storage
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Cuticle
Waxy, waterproof layer that reduces water loss. It is transparent, allowing light through to the lower layer of cells, which contain chloroplasts.
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Palisade layer
The cells are packed with chloroplasts for photosynthesis
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Sbongy layer
Contains large air spaces, allowing carbon dioxide to reach palisade layer.
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Vein
Contains xylem (brings water to leaf) and phloem (transports sugar away)
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Guard cells
Open and close stomata, allowing carbon dioxide to enter or preventing water loss.
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Stomata
impossible to allow carbon dioxide in without water loss. At night, the guard cells close the stomata
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Name the structures inside a leaf from top to bottom
Cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade layer. sbongy layer. Xylem Phloem-Vein. Lower epidermis. Guard cells. Stoma
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A student said that plants photosynthesise during the day, but respire at night. Why is this statement incorrect?
Because plants respire in the day and in the night
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Why is water so important reason 1
1. cells are mostly water, chemicals in them need to be dissolved in order to carry out the reactions that make up life.
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Why is water so important reason 2
2. All cells in a plant need minerals, which enter via roots. Water provides the medium that transports the minerals up the plant. Also transports dissolved sugar way from the leaf
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Why is water so important reason 3
3. Water helps to support the plant. If cells are turgid, they are rigid and keep the plant upright. Not enough water causes the plant to wilt
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Where does absorbtion of water and minerals take place?
in the area just behind the tip of each root and this are is covered in root hairs
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Water travels in and out of cells by...
osmosis
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Minerals move... via...
against a concentration. Active transport
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Explain how the water moves from cell to cell across a root.
Soil water is more dilute than root hair cell sap. Water moves in by osmosis. Root hair cell sap is diluted by water and so becomes more dilute than the next cell. Water moves into next cell by osmosis. Process is repeated and water moves further int
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Xylem
xylem cells are dead and have no cytoplasm, they form continuous tubes which carry water from roots up the stem and into leaves
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What are the environmental factors that affect the rate of transpiration
temperature. Humidity. Wind or air movement
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Once water gets into... in the..., it's pulled up the stem by the effects of a process called...
xylem. Root. Transpiration
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Transpiration is...
the loss of water vapour from the leaves of the plant via the stomata
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What happens in transpiration
Water molecules stick to each other and because of that the loss of water vapour pulls other water molecuoles behind it, and so moves water up the xylem from the root.
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The process of transpiration is like...
drinking from a straw, sucking the end of a straw pulls the drink up in a continuos stream.
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How does temperature affects the rate of transpiration
increasing temperature speeds up the movement of particles, so increases the rate of transpiration, as the water molecules move out more rapidly
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How does humidity affects the rate of transpiration
rate of transpiration depends on difference in concentration of water inside and outside of the leaf. An increase in humidity decreases this concentration gradient, so decreases rate of transpiration
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How does wind or air movementaffects the rate of transpiration
blows away water molecules on the outside of the leaf, preventing moisture building up. Increasing air movement increases rate of transpiration.
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What does the phloem do
transports sugar away from leaves to other parts of the plant
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2 things can happen to sugar
1. used straight away to provide energy by respiration 2. stored as starch
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Name the main minerals
nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus
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A lack of nitrogen...
(in the form of nitrates) causes generally poor growth because it is needed to make proteins for new cells
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A lack of potassium...
causes yellowing of leaves
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Lack of phosphorus...
(in the form of phosphates) results in poor root growth
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General purpose fertilisers are often referred to as... fertilisers because they contain all...
KPN. All three elements. K-potassium P-phosphorus N-Nitrogen
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Carbon dioxide

Back

provides the carbon and oxygen

Card 3

Front

Water

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Light

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Chlorophyll

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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