Biology

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What is a communicable disease?
A disease that you can catch
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What is a pathogen?
Micro organisms that cause infectious diseases
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What are the 4 major types of pathogen?
Fungus, Protozoa, bacteria and virus
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How does bacteria reproduce?
Splits themselves into 2
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How does bacteria produce the disease?
Sometimes damages cells or produces toxins
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How do viruses reproduce?
Takes over cells and makes copies of themselves
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How do viruses produce disease?
Destroys cells or (rarely) produces toxins
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What are the symptoms of tetanus?
Muscle spazms, stiffness throughout the body and jaw lock
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What is the pathogen of tetanus?
Bacteria
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What are the symptoms of salmonella?
Vomiting or diarrohoea
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What is the pathogen of salmonella?
Bacteria
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What is the pathogen of MMR?
Virus
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What are the symptoms of MMR?
Cough, sneeze, headache, aching muscles, sore throat
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What does HIV stand for?
Human immunodeficiency virus
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What is the pathogen that causes HIV and AIDs?
Virus
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How does HIV cause disease?
Attacks the CD4 positive cells (which are white blood cells) which are crucial to maintaining the function of the immune system
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What is the drug that can be used to treat HIV?
ARV drugs
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What do ARV drugs do?
Allow people with HIV to carry on living for 20-30 years
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What is the pathogen that causes Malaria?
Plasmodia parasites, protozoa
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What are vectors?
Small organisms such as mosquitoes or ticks that can carry pathogens from person to person and place to place
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What is the name of the protein markers that pathogens produce?
Antigens
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What do antigens trigger?
An immune response
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What do white blood cells produce which flow around the body and kill invading cells?
Antibodies
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What is an antibiotic?
A chemical/substance that kills bacteria
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Who discovered penicillen?
Alexander Fleming
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How does penicillin work?
Breaks down cell walls so the bacteria cannot multiply
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What is inside a vaccination?
Weakened or dead pathogens
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What is herd immunity?
When a group of vaccinated people immunise a non-vaccinated person against a disease
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What is a placebo?
An inactive substance that looks like the actual drug
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What is a double blind trial?
When the doctors and the volunteers don't know whether they have taken the real drug or the placebo
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What is thalidomide?
Developed in 1953, it was used as a tranquiliser - a sleeping pill to help people
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Who should not use thalidomide?
Pregnant women within the first 60 days of pregnancy
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What diseases is thalidomide useful for?
Blood cancer - a man was fully cured and leprosy - literally changed people over night
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What are adaptations?
How organisms have evolved biologically over millions of years to become more suited to their habitat or their lifestle
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Where does the venus fly trap grow?
Damp rainforests
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Why do plants need water?
For support - wilted if not enough water, less able to hold leaves in light so less photosynthesis. To dissolve chemicals for chemical reactions such as respiration and to transport minerals. To make glucose in photosynthesis
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What do plants compete for?
Light, water, nutrients and soil
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What do animals compete for?
Space (territory), food, water and mates
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What is an extremophile?
A living thing that lives and has adapted to extreme environments, mainly places with extremely high/low temperatures or pressures
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What is the job of a cell membrane?
Controls what goes through inside the cell
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What is the function of a vacuole?
Stores sugars and waters
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What is the job of ribosomes?
Where protein synthesis occurs
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What is the cell wall?
The rigid external coat that protects ad supports plant cells
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What is the nucleus?
The location of the cell's chromosomes
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Where is the sight of photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts
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Where is the site of energy release by respiration?
Mitochondrion
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What is the equation of magnification?
Magnification= size of image/actual size of the object
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What does a goblet cell do?
Secretes mucus
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What does a sieve cell do?
Transports carbohydrates around the plant
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Where is the main site of photosynthesis?
Palisade cells
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Which type of cell increases the surface area of a plant's roots?
Root hair cell
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What is a chromosome?
A coiled strand of DNA which contains many genes
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What is an alleles?
A different versions of the same gene, one from your mother and one from your father
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Why do cells divide?
Cells are continually lost or damaged. To make new cells the body carries out cell division. They divide where the body needs to grow, replacing worn out cells and to repair damaged tissue
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What is the name of the cells produced by mitosis?
Daughter cells
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What genetic variation is there in cells produced by mitosis?
There is no variation because the cells produced are identical
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What are stem cells?
A cell in which isn't specialised. They can turn into any type of cell called pluripotent
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Where do stem cells come from?
Embryos
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Why can stem cells be used in medicine?
Stem cells have the ability to heal many parts of the body. Scientists can turn them into any type of cell to help a certain part of the body
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What is a good source of stem cell?
Bone Marrow
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What do liquids do to from gases?
Evaporate
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How can dissolved substances move in and out of cells?
Through diffusion
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Why does diffusion work best at higher temperatures?
Because the particles have more kinetic energy so they move faster
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What is diffusion?
The movement of particles of a gas or a liquid from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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What does it mean that diffusion is a passive process?
It does not need energy to be carried out
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Why are cells so small?
Its easier for things to diffuse into them
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How are alveoli adapted?
They are very thin, only on cell thick so the gases can pass through quickly. They are covered by a network of fine capillaries so gases can pass almost directly between the lungs and bloodstream
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What is osmosis?
The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from lots of water molecules to were there less water molecules until it is evenly spread
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What happens to plant cells when they are put in water?
They become turgid and fill up with water
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What happens to animal cells if they are put in water?
They will burst and the water will go into the cell
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What happens to plant cells when they are put in sugar solution?
They go floppy or flaccid because plant cells have a cell wall which stop them from bursting
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What happens to animal cells if they are put into sugar solution?
They shrink
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What does 'hyper' mean?
e.g too hot compared to normal
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What does 'iso' mean?
Equal to
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What does 'hypo' mean?
e.g too cold, means under/below normal
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What is the independent variable?
The thing that you change
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What is the dependent variable?
The thing that you measure
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What does partially permeable mean?
Allowing only substances of a certain size through
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is a pathogen?

Back

Micro organisms that cause infectious diseases

Card 3

Front

What are the 4 major types of pathogen?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How does bacteria reproduce?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How does bacteria produce the disease?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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