Biology 8+10, photosynthesis and the nervous system+ corrections from EOY all sciences

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How are leaves adapted for photosynthesis?
-Thin,short diffusion distance - -Veins, brings water in the xylem to the leaf cells and removes the products of photosynthesis in the phloem -Guard cells, open and close the stomata to regulate gas exchange -Broad, large surface area for light
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What is the word and symbol equation for photosynthesis?
Word: Carbon dioxide+water -(light)-> glucose + oxygen Symbol:
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What are the limiting factors of photosynthesis?
-Light (must be enough light) -Temperature (can't be too high otherwise enzymes will denature) -Carbon dioxide(must be enough) -Chlorophyll (must be enough)
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What happens to the light intensity if you double the distance between the light and your plant and why? What is the unit for light intensity?
The light intensity falls by a quarter as light intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. The unit for light intensity is W/m2
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What molecule do plants make to provide strength in plants from glucose and what do they use it for?
-Cellulose which is made by building up small molecules of glucose and used to strengthen cell walls
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What molecule do plants make to provide storage in plants from glucose and what do they use it for?
-Starch which is converted glucose and is used stored in the plant cells as unlike glucose it is insoluble in water so won't affect its water balance and osmosis. It provides an energy store for when it is dark of when light levels are low
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How do plants create amino acids from glucose and what do they use it for?
Plants combine glucose with nitrate ions and other minerals from the soil which create amino acids. These can then be built up to form proteins which can be used for enzymes amongst others
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How do plants and algae make lipids from glucose and what do they use it for?
They use some glucose & some of the energy transferred from respiration to build up fats and oils which can be used as an energy store. Lipids can be used to strengthen the cell wall. Some algal cells are very rich in oils and may be used as biofuels
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What is hydroponics?
When farmers use knowledge about limiting factors to get the fastest possible rates of photosynthesis. They control the temperature, levels of light and carbon dioxide and grow the plants in water with a perfect balance of nutrients rather than soil.
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What is homeostasis?
The regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain hte optimum conditions for function in response to internal and external changes
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What is the nerve pathway for a conscious action?
Stimulus (wolf) -> Receptor (eyes) -> Sensory Neurone (optic nerve) -> Co-ordinator (brain) -> Motor Neurone (spinal chord) -> Effector (muscles) -> Response (run)
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What is the reflex arc for a reflex action?
Stimulus -> Receptor -> Sensory Neurone -> Relay Neurone -> Motor Neurone -> Effector -> Response
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What are synapses?
Synapses are the gap between two neurones. As the electrical impulses from the neurones can't carry signals across the gap, chemicals are released which diffuse over the synapse, attaching to neurones on the other side where a new impulse is formed
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What are the parts of the brain and their functions?
Cerebral cortex: consciousness, intelligence, memory and language -Cerebellum: Co-ordinating muscle activity and balance -Hypothalamus: Controlling body temperature -Medulla: Unconscious activity i.e. heartbeat -Pituitary Gland: Produces hormones
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What is myopia?
-Close objects are in focus -Distant objects look blurred -Light is focused in front of the retina so the images that actually land on the retina are out of focus & blurry -Caused by a too curved lens or a long eyeball -Treated with concaved glasses
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What is Hyperopia?
-Close objects look blurry -Distant objects are in focus -Lens cannot refract the rays of light strongly enough -Caused by a too flat lens or short eyeball -Treated by a conversed glasses lens
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What is accommodation?
The process of the lens changing shape to focus on near or distant objects
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How does the eye change to focus on distant objects?
-Lens needs to be thin and flat to bend the light rays less -Ciliary muscles relax and the muscle ring gets bigger -Ligaments tighten and lens becomes thin
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How does the eye change to focus on close objects?
-Lens needs to be thick and more rounded to bend light rays more -The ciliary muscles contract -Suspensory ligaments loosen and become slack
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Describe the route taken by oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body cells
-It comes back to the heart in the pulmonary vein. Then it enters the left atrium and passes through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle. Then it goes through the left semi-lunar valve into the aorta when then sends the blood around the body
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When testing a leaf for starch why do you put the leaf in boiling water?
As this will remove the waxy cuticle so the iodine can be absorbed
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When testing a leaf for starch why do you put the leaf in boiling ethanol?
As this will remove the chlorophyll which gives the leaf its green colour meaning a colour change will be more evide
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Describe Mendeleev's table
-Ordered elements by atomic mass, like previous tables -Switched order of elements (Te and I) whose properties didn't match their group -Left gaps so similar elements were together, gaps=unfound elements that he correctly predicted the properties of
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Describe the modern periodic table
-Ordered in increasing atomic number -Metals on left -Non-metal on right -Similar properties in groups (columns) -Each period (rows) represent a full shell of electrons
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How do you calculate the uncertainty?
Range/2 (don't include anomalies)
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Why can a rechargable cell be recharged?
Because the reaction is reversible
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What factors may affect the voltage produced by a chemical cell?
-Type of electrode -The electrolyte -Concentration of electrolyte -Temperature
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How does an enzyme break down a substrate?
-Substrate fits into active site -Substrate is specific to the active site -Breaks the bonds between the sugar molecules
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the word and symbol equation for photosynthesis?

Back

Word: Carbon dioxide+water -(light)-> glucose + oxygen Symbol:

Card 3

Front

What are the limiting factors of photosynthesis?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What happens to the light intensity if you double the distance between the light and your plant and why? What is the unit for light intensity?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What molecule do plants make to provide strength in plants from glucose and what do they use it for?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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