Biology 2.1

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  • Created by: jp3louis
  • Created on: 18-10-16 18:05
what is the equation for magnification?
Magnification = size of image/ size of real object
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What is resolution?
The minimum distance apart that two object can be in order for them to be two separate items
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What is magnification?
How many times a bigger an object is compared to the original obeject.
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What is cell fractionation?
The process where cells are broken up and the different organelles they contain are seperated out.
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What is ultracentrifugation?
fragments from homogenation is seperated. It spins at a high speed and causes a centralfugal force. A sediment is formed and the liquid is moved away
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What are the advantages/disadvantages of the transmission electron microscope?
Beam has a shortwave length- resolves objects well. A complex staining procedure is needed.
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of the scanning electron microscope?
Resolves objects well - Specimens need to be extremely thin
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of optical microscopes?
Electrons negatively charged so it can focused using electromagnets. Poor resolution.
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Describe the function of a nuclear envelope.
Controls the entry and exit of materials in and out of the nucleus.
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Describe the function of nuclear pores,
Allows large molecules out of nucleus.
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Describe the function of chromosomes
DNA
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Describe the function of the nucleolus
Manafactures the RNA and assembles ribsomes.
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Describe the function of nucleus as a whole.
COntrol centre. retains genetic information of the cell in the form of dna and chromosomes. Makes RNA and ribsomes
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Describe the function of the mitochondrion.
Site of aerobic respiration.
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Describe the function of cristae
Part of the mitochondrion. Large SA for attachment of enzymes and proteins for respiration.
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Describe the function of the matrix
In the mitochondrion. contains protein, lipids, ribosomes and dna - so mitochondrion can make more.
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Describe the function of grana
In chloroplasts - stacks of thylakoids inside with chlorophyll inside. Used for photosynthesis.
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Describe the function of the stroma
In chloroplast - second stage of photosynthesis is here.
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Describe the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
provides a large SA for the synthesis of proteins. Provides a path for proteins in the cell.
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Describe the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
synthesise, store and transport lipids/carbohydrates.
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Describe the function of the golgi apparatus
Add carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins. Produce enzymes, secrete carbs, transport,modify and store lipids. form lysomes.
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What does the golig apparatus actually do?
The protein and lipids produced by the ER are passed through. They are modified adding carbs (sometimes) they then go into the vesicles and travel to the mebrane.
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Describe the function of lysosomes
hydrolyse materials. Release enzymes to the outside of the cell. Digest worn out organelles. Break down ded cells.
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Describe the function of ribsomes
made of proteins. site of protein synthesis.
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Describe the function of the cell wall
mechanical strength
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Describe the function of vacuoles.
Makes cells turgid, tempory food source, pigment in pollen attracts pollinisation.
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Explain the use of epithelial tissues.
Protective function in linings. Aveoli is an example where diffusion takes place.
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Whats the main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
E had a nucleus bound by a nuclear membrane. P has no nucleus.
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What are viruses?
Non-living particles. Contain nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA.
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What is the need for a capsid?
In bacteria - holds the nucleic acid.
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The definition of mitosis is...
Two daughter cells are produced that have the same number of chromosomes.
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When does DNA replication happen?
Interphase part of the cell cycle.
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What is the order in the cell cycle?
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telaphase
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Describe what happens in prophase.
The chromosomes first become visible. spindle fibers begin to develop. Nucleous dissapears and the envelope starts to break down.
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Describe what happens in metaphase.
Chromosomes are made of 2 chromatids. chromosomes are pulled along the spindle apparatus.
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Describe what happens during anaphase.
Centromeres divide into 2 and spindlefibres pull the chromatids appart, These are now chromosomes.
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Describe what happens during telaphase.
Chromosomes reach their poles and are now chromatin. They divide and this is cytokinesses.
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When does mitosis happen?
Eukaryotic cells.
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How do prokaryotic cells divide?
Binary fusion. DNA replicates and these attach to the cell membrane. Plasmid also duplicates. It then pulls apart.
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How do viruses replicate?
Find a host cell. inject there nucleic acid and then it bursts.
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How can we treat cancer?
prevent DNA from replicating. Inhibiting the metaphase stage of mitosis by interferring with the spindle formation.
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What is the procedure of cell fractionation?
Place tissue in cold water with the same water potential to stop bursting of cells. Cells are broken by homogeniser. The homogenate is then filtered. Ultracentrifugation then occurs when fragements are seperated. The heavist organelles for a pellet.
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Explain the units in the magnification equation
make sure both are um or mm. 25mm is 25000 um.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is resolution?

Back

The minimum distance apart that two object can be in order for them to be two separate items

Card 3

Front

What is magnification?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is cell fractionation?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is ultracentrifugation?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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