Biology #2 Molecular bio CELLS

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  • Created by: MBid89
  • Created on: 24-03-18 14:26
Define cell respiration
The controlled release of energy from organic compounds (usually glucose/ carbs, sometimes lipids) to produce ATP (adenosine tripohsophate)
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What is the advantage of ATP? (3)
Immediately available as an energy source. Rapid release (within a fraction of a second). Can diffuse to any part of the cell.
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What is the formula for production and usage of ATP in respiration?
ADP (adenosine diphosphate) + phosphate --[respiration]--> ATP --[cell processes]--> ADP + phosphate
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What are cellular processes that use ATP as a source of energy? (6)
cell signalling, muscle contraction/ relaxation, active transport, protein synthesis, vesicle transport, DNA/ RNA replication
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State the word equation for the process of cell respiration
glucose + oxygen => water + carbon dioxide + ATP
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Where does cell respiration take place? (2)
cytoplasm, mitochondria
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What are the products of anaerobic respiration in a) humans b) yeast
a) lactate b) CO2 + ethanol
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What is pyruvate?
An intermediate compound in aerobic and anaerobic (then converted into lactate in humans) respiration
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Why is anaerobic respiration used in vigorous exercise?
Because it is overall more rapid than aerobic (not limited by how fast oxygen is supplied). Maximises power of muscle contractions. Can only be used for 2 minutes or blood pH is destabilised.
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Describe how the products of anaerobic respiration in yeast (CO2 + ethanol) are used in industries
1] baking: CO2 air bubbles. Increases dough volume, decreases density (light texture). Ethanol evaporates. 2] ethanol in brewing: (fermentation) Yeast cultured in sugar solution. Increases ethanol conc by 15% CO2 bubbles out 2] biofuel (fermentation)
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Explain how a respirometer (measures respiratory quotient values) works
Organisms in sealed tube (i.e. woodlice) respire, remove O2 & add CO2. CO2 is absorbed by an alkali (sodium hydroxide or soda lime). This reduces the volume of air in the respirometer. A capillary tube containing fluid (manometer) monitors V of air.
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Discuss ethical implications with using insects/ organisms in studying respiration (i.e. in respirometers) (4)
1] animals may suffer pain 2] risks i.e. contact with alkali 3] removing animals from natural habitat -- must be replaced 4] could be substituted for other organisms (i.e. germinating seeds)
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Define photosynthesis
the production of carbon compounds (i.e. glucose) in cells using light energy
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What is the word equation for photosynthesis (synthesis of glucose)
carbon dioxide + water + light energy => glucose + oxygen
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What is the light dependent reaction used in photosynthesis?
Photolysis (splitting water molecules through light) to obtain H ions to convert CO2 into carbohydrates (glucose). The O ion contributes to the waste product: water (see photosynthesis equation)
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What was the effect of the increasing levels of oxygen when the first organisms (plants, aka effect of photosynthesis) developed on earth?
Dissolved iron in the oceans precipitated as iron oxide. It sank to the bottoms of oceans and formed deposits of rock called banded iron formations.
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What is the absorption spectrum?
The range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation absorbed by a pigment (i.e. chlorophyll). Not all plants have the same absorption spectra.
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What is the main photosynthetic pigment in plants and how does it work (briefly)?
Chlorophyll: in white light, blue & red wavelengths are absorbed, green light is reflected.
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What is an accessory pigment?
A pigment used by plants in low light conditions (i.e. underwater) which allows them to absorb green light (and use in photosynthesis) as well as the other light wavelengths.
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What is the action spectrum?
The range of light wavelengths that can be used in light-dependent reactions. For example, it shows that photosynthesis is most effective in blue (most) or red light.
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What are the limiting factors of photosynthesis? (3)
Light intensity, CO2 concentration (at low levels, rubisco -the enzymes which 'fixes' CO2- is ineffective), temperature (enzymes are limited below 5 and above 30 degrees).
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How can paper chromatography be used to separate photosynthetic pigments in leaves?
Pigments in leaves are extracted with acetone. Pigments separate out due to differences in their solubilities. Substances are identified via their distance from starting point. 2 major pigments can be identified: chlorophyll and carotenoid.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the advantage of ATP? (3)

Back

Immediately available as an energy source. Rapid release (within a fraction of a second). Can diffuse to any part of the cell.

Card 3

Front

What is the formula for production and usage of ATP in respiration?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are cellular processes that use ATP as a source of energy? (6)

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

State the word equation for the process of cell respiration

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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