BIOLOGY KEY WORDS- 1 & 2

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Chloroplast
an organelle found in plant cells and some protoctist cells that can capture energy from light for use in phototsynthesis
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Hypha
a single thread of fungal mycelium (plural hyphae)
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Mycelium
a mass of pyphae that form the body of a fungus
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Pathogen
an organism that causes disease in another living organism. pathogens occur in fungi, bacteria, protoctists and viruses
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Plasmid
a small circle of genetic material found in some bacteria in addition to the circular chromosome
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Saprotrophic nutrition
the digestion of dead food material outside the body, as in fungi
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Homeostasis
the maintenance of a constant internal environment, such as body water content and body temperature
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Respiration
the chemical process in which glucose is broken down inside cells, releasing energy and producing carbon dioxide and water
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Organelle
a structure within a cell that carries out a particular function such as a nucleus or vacuole
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Tissue
a group of similar cells that have a similar function, such as muscle tissue
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Organ
a group of tissues that work together to carry out a particular function , such as the stomach or heart
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System
a group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function, such as the mouth, stomach and intestines in the digestive system
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Cell membrane
the structure surrounding cells that controls what enters and leaves the cell
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Cell wall
a cell wall of cellulose surrounds plant cells, giving them support and shape
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Chloroplasts
organelles found only in plant (and some protoctist) cells and are where photosynthesis takes place in the cell
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Chromosomes
long DNA molecules found in the nucleus of a cell
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Cytoplasm
the jelly-like liquid inside the cell which contains the organelles and where many chemical reactions take place
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Mitochondria
organelles in plant and animal cells, and are where respiration takes place
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Nucleus
the organelle in plant and animal cells that contains the genetic material
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Photosynthesis
the chemical process by which plants use light, water and carbon dioxide, to create glucose and oxygen
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Ribosomes
small organelles found in cells, and are where protein synthesis takes place
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Specialised cells
specialised cells develop by the process of cell differentiation
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Stem cells
cells that have not yet differentiated. they have many potential medical uses
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Amino acid
the basic unit of a protein
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Enzymes
biological catalysts controlling the rate of metabolic reactions
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Fatty acid
one of the basic units of a lipid, along with glycerol
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Lipids
large molecules commonly made of the basic units of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule and include examples such as olive oil and ear was
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Aerobic respiration
respiration (the breakdown of glucose to release ATP) using oxygen
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Anaerobic respiration
respiration without oxygen. in animal cells it produces lactic acid; in plant cells it produces ethanol and carbon dioxide
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ATP
respiration produces ATP, which then provides the energy that cells need
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Alveoli
tiny air sacs in the lungs where gases diffuse between the air in the lungs and blood
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Bronchi (bronchus)
the two divisions of the trachea as it joins to the lungs
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Carcinogenic
something that causes cancer, which is the uncontrolled division of cells
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Compensation point
the point at which the rate of photosynthesis and respiration in a plant are equal, so that there is no net production or uptake of carbon dioxide or oxygen
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Intercostal muscles
the muscles between the ribs that move them during breathing
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Pleural membranes
the two membranes surrounding the lungs
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Thorax
the centre part of the body protected by the ribs, which contains the lungs and the heart
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Trachea
the tube leading from the mouth to the bronchi, sometimes called the windpipe
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Root hair cells
cells in the epidermis of roots that have a long extension of cytoplasm, where uptake of substances from soil water occurs
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Transpiration
the evaporation of water from the leaf surface
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Valves
flaps in the heart, and veins, that prevent the flow of blood in the wrong direction
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Ventricles
the two chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria and pump it out through arteries
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Xylem
tubes are formed from dead cells in the vascular bundles of a plant which carry water and dissolved substances from the roots to the leaves and other parts of the plant
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ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
the hormone involved in regulating water content in the blood by changing the permeability of the collecting duct of nephrons
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Bowman's capsule
the cup-shaped structure at the start of a nephron where ultrafiltration occurs
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Collecting duct
the tube at the end of a nephron, where additional water may be reabsorbed from the urine
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Convoluted tubules
two sections of the nephron closely associated with a capillary; selective reabsorption of glucose takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule
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Glomerular filtrate
the liquid in the Bowman's capsule produced by ultrafiltration; it contains water, glucose, ions, urea, hormones and vitamins
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Glomerulus
a small knot of capillaries associated with a Bowman's capsule
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Hypothalamus
the part of the brain that monitors water content of the blood, and is where ADH is produced
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Loop of Henle
a large loop of the nephron
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Nephron
a tiny kidney tubule where ultrafiltration and reabsorption take place to produce urine
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Osmoregulation
the regulation of the concentration of water in the blood
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Ultrafiltration
filtration using pressure, as happens between the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
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Ureters
tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder
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Urethra
a tube that connects the bladder to the outside of the body
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Auxins
plant hormones that control phototropism and geotropism
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Effector
carries out the response to a stimulus; in animals these are muscles or glands
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Endocrine glands
collection of cells that secrete hormones into the blood
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FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that helps control the menstrual cycle
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Geotropism
a growth response in plants affected by the direction of the force of gravity
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Insulin
a hormone produced by the pancreas that causes muscle and liver cells to take glucose from the blood
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LH (luteinising hormone)
a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that helps to control the menstrual cycle
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Neurone
a nerve cell, which is specially adapted for carrying electrical nerve impulses
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Neurotransmitters
chemicals that pass from one neurone to another across a synapse
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Oestrogen
a hormone produced by the ovaries that helps to control the menstrual cycle and produces secondary sexual characteristics in girls
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Phototropism
a growth response in plants affected by light
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Progesterone
a hormone produced in the ovaries that helps to control the menstrual cycle
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Receptor
receptor cells detect a stimulus, for example cells in the retina detect light
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Reflex arc
the pathway that nerve impulses travel along during a reflex
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Sense organs
organs containing receptor cells adapted for the receiving of a particular type of stimulus
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Stimulus
a change in the environment that triggers a response in an organism
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Target organ
an organ of the body containing cells that respond to a particular hormone
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Testosterone
a hormone produced by the testes that produces secondary sexual characteristics in boys
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Vasoconstriction
narrowing of blood vessels
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Vasodilation
widening of blood vessels
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

a single thread of fungal mycelium (plural hyphae)

Back

Hypha

Card 3

Front

a mass of pyphae that form the body of a fungus

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

an organism that causes disease in another living organism. pathogens occur in fungi, bacteria, protoctists and viruses

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

a small circle of genetic material found in some bacteria in addition to the circular chromosome

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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