Biology

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Plant Cell: Cell Wall
The cell wall is a rigid external coat made of cellulose, that protects and supports a plant cell.
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Plant Cell/Animal Cell: Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is a permeable, selective barrier that regulates substances entering and leaving the cell.
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Plant Cell/Animal Cell: Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is a jelly-like material in which all the cell's sub-cellular structures (organelles), salts and nutrients are found and in which most cellular processes and reactions take place.
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Plant Cell: Vacuole
The vacuole is a fluid-filled cavity that stores water, nutrients and sap that keep the cell turgid.
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Plant Cell/Animal Cell: Nucleus
The nucleus is the loaction of a cell's DNA which controls the cell's activities.
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Plant Cell/Animal Cell: Mitochondria
Mitrochondria are the site of energy release by cellular respiration.
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Plant Cell/Animal Cell: Ribosomes
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.
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Plant Cell: Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis. They contain the green pigment chlorophyll that absorbs light energy.
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Photosynthesis Equation
Carbon Dioxide + Water -> Oxygen + Glucose
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How does photosynthesis occur?
Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll. They contain special enzymes that catalyse the photosynthetic reaction; it is an endothermic reaction because ti takes in energy from the environment.
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Stages of photosynthesis
Light energy is absorbed and used to split water into oxygen and hydrogen ions. Carbon dioxide combines with the hydrogen ions to produce glucose.
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Where do the reactants come from in photosynthesis?
Water is absorbed by root hair cells and travels through the xylem to the leaf. Carbon dioxide diffuses into the leaf through the stomata.
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Where do the products of photosynthesis go?
Oxygen diffuses out of the leaf through the stomata and glucose is stored in the plant to be turned into cellulose or starch.
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How does light affect photosynthesis?
Increasing light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis. However, if light intensity is very high, the chlorophyll can become damaged. The rate of photosynthesis will increase to a point, until it levels out.
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How does carbon dioxide levels affect photosynthesis?
Increasing carbon dioxide levels in a plant's environment increases the rate of photosynthesis. This enables plants to produce more food. As concentration of carbon dioxide increases, so does the rate. This happens up to a point until it levels out.
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How does temperature affect photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is catalysed by enzymes which work best in warm conditions. Therefore, it causes an increase in the rate of photosynthesis. However, if it gets above 40, the enzymes become denatured, the rate of photosynthesis decreases or stops.
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Glucose Use (1)
Glucose can combine with minerals from the soil to make new compounds. Nitrogen and glucose make new proteins for cell growth, and magnesium and glucose make chlorophyll.
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Glucose Use (2)
Glucose can be converted into insoluble starch for storage. It can be broken down back into glucose when needed.
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Glucose Use (3)
Cellular respiration uses glucose to release energy. This energy is used to make new molecules required for growth.
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Glucose Use (4)
Hndreds of glucose molecules can join together to make a polymer called cellulose. This is used to make the cell wall, providing the cell with rigidity and support.
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Glucose Use (5)
Excess glucose can also be stored as fats and oils. When the seed germinates, this oil is used by the new plant as a source of energy for growth.
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Plant Adaptations - Surface Area
For maximum absorption of light; for optimum absorption of carbon dioxide.
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Plant Adaptations - Thin Structure
Water and gases have a limited distance to diffuse, speeding up the process.
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Plant Adaptations - Spaces
Their is lots of air spaces between the spongy mesophyll for the diffusio of gases.
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Plant Adaptations - Palisade Layer
They are packed with chloroplasts, are column-shaped and arranged closely together and are towards the upper surface of the leaf.
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Plant Adaptations - Spongy Mesophyll
It is packed loosely for efficient gas exchange. These cells are covered by a thin layer of water which gases dissolve into when moving in and out of the cell.
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Plant Adaptations - Xylem
Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots, up the plant stem to the leaves. In these vessels, the cells are dead and have no end wall so it forms a continuous, hollow tube. It is strengthened by a chemical called lignin which supports it.
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Plant Adaptations - Phloem (1)
Phloem moves food substances to growing parts of the plant, storage organs and developing seeds. It goes up and down. Transport of substances in the phloem is called translocation.
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Plant Adaptations - Phloem (2)
Phloem consists of living cells. Sieve tubes are cells with no nuclei. They separate each phloem cell, and have a perforated end so its cytoplasm connects one cell to the next. Companion cells attach to each sieve tube to provide energy.
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Plant Adaptations - Epidermis
The epidermis is a thin, transparent layer which allows more light to reach the palisade cells.
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Plant Adaptations - Waxy Cuticle
This protects the leaf from infection and prevents water loss, without blocking light.
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Plant Adaptations - Stomata
This is a small hole at the bottom of the leaf to allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf and oxygen to diffuse out of the leaf.
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Respiration Equation
Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water
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Respiration
All organisms need a supply of energy to survive. This is a universal chemical process that is an exothermic reaction -
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Plant Cell/Animal Cell: Cell Membrane

Back

The cell membrane is a permeable, selective barrier that regulates substances entering and leaving the cell.

Card 3

Front

Plant Cell/Animal Cell: Cytoplasm

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Plant Cell: Vacuole

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Plant Cell/Animal Cell: Nucleus

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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