Biology 1-Understanding Ourselves

Teacher recommended

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What does healthy mean?
free of any infections or diseases
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What does fit mean?
how well you can perform physical tasks
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How is blood pumped around the body?
by the heart.
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What does contractions of the heart do?
increases the pressure of blood
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When blood leaves the heart where does it go?
It flows through the arteries.
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What is cardiovascular efficiency?
the ability to supply the muscles with oxygen
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what do contractions of the heart do?
increase the pressure of blood.
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What carries blood away from the heart?
the arteries
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Why is blood in the arteries under pressure?
Blood in the arteries is under pressure because of the contractions of the heart muscles.
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Whats blood pressure measured in?
Blood pressure is measured in millimetres of mercury, mmHg
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What is systolic pressure?
systolic pressure - the higher measurement when the heart beats, pushing blood through the arteries
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What is diastolic pressure?
diastolic pressure - the lower measurement when the heart rests between beats
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What's a healthy blood pressure?
120 over 70
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What would a healthy persons systolic pressure be?
120 mmHg
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What would a healthy persons diastolic pressure be?
70 mmHg
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What factors increases blood pressure?
smoking, being overweight, drinking a lot of alcohol, stress
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What does smoking do to affect blood pressure?
increases blood pressure by raising the heart rate. Nicotine increases the heart rate. carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen. This causes an increase in heart rate to compensate for the reduced amount of oxygen carried in the blood.
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What does nicotine combine with and what does in prevent?
haemoglobin in red blood cells, preventing oxygen combining with the haemoglobin
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What can reduce high blood pressure?
A balanced diet and regular exercise can reduce high blood pressure.
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What can high blood pressure cause?
kidney damage, burst blood vessels, damage to the brain, including strokes.
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What can low blood pressure cause?
dizziness, fainting and poor blood circulation.
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What is meant by healthy active lifestyle?
Healthy, active lifestyle - a lifestyle which contributes positively to physical, mental and social well being, and includes regular exercise and physical activity.
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What is exercise?
Exercise - a form of physical activity which maintains or improves healthy and/or physical fitness
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What is performance?
Performance - how well a task is completed
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Whats general fitness?
General Fitness: fit for everyday activities.
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In general fitness what are the 4 S's?
Strength, Stamina, Speed, Suppleness
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In general fitness what is Cardiovascular endurance?
Cardiovascular endurance - muscles get enough oxygen to work properly
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In general fitness what is Muscular endurance?
Muscular endurance - muscles don’t get tired too quickly
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In general fitness what is Good body composition?
Good body composition - neither too thin or too fat
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What is Specific Fitness?
Specific Fitness (skill related fitness) = fitness to play sport at a high level.
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In Specific Fitness what is Agility?
Agility - to change direction quickly
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In Specific Fitness what is Balance?
Balance - so you don’t fall over
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In Specific Fitness what is Co-ordination?
Co-ordination - to move accurately and smoothly
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In Specific Fitness what is Power?
Power - the ability to undertake strength performances quickly. Power = strength x speed
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In Specific Fitness what is Reactions?
Reactions - to respond quickly
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In Specific Fitness what is speed?
Speed - the differential rate at which an individual is able to perform a movement or cover a distance in a period of time
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What is Cardiovascular Fitness?
Cardiovascular Fitness – keeping muscles supplied with oxygen
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What is Muscular Fitness?
Muscular Fitness – you can push, pull, throw, lift very hard or very quickly.
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How many chambers does the heart have?
4
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What do the heart chambers do?
pumps blood round the circulatory system
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What does the right side of the heart do?
The right side of the heart pumps de-oxygenated blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen.
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What does the left side of the heart do?
The left side of the heart pumps the oxygenated blood from the lungs around the rest of the body.
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Whats step one of how the heart works?
Deoxygenated blood enters through the vena cava into the right atrium
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Whats step two of how the heart works?
It’s then pumped through a valve into the right ventricle chamber
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Whats step three of how the heart works?
And then up through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery towards the lungs
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Whats step four of how the heart works?
Oxygenated blood enters through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium
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Whats step five of how the heart works?
It’s then pumped through a valve into the left ventricle
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Whats step six of how the heart works?
And then through the aortic valve and out of the aorta to the rest of the body
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What are Arteries?
Arteries (thick walled muscular tubes) carry blood away from the heart at high pressure in thick walled lumen
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What are Capillaries?
Capillaries (very narrow tubes) have thin walls to allow glucose and oxygen to diffuse through
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What are Veins?
Veins (thin walled tubes) carry low pressure blood back to the heart. Veins have thinner walls and valves to prevent backflow of blood
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What do coronary arteries do?
supply blood to the heart muscles
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What happens if a coronary artery is blocked?
a heart attack can happen.
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When a coronary artery is blocked what is is blocked with?
plaque
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How can a heart attack happen?
fatty deposits build up in the coronary arteries, a blood clot can form on a fatty deposit, the blood clot can block a coronary artery, some heart muscle cells do not get the oxygen and nutrients they need, these cells start to die.
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What factors increase the development of heart disease?
smoking, high blood pressure, high levels of salt in the diet, high levels of saturated fat in the diet.
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What can lead to an increase in blood pressure?
salt
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What does high levels of saturated fats lead to?
High levels of saturated fats in the diet lead to a build of cholesterol in the arteries, causing a plaque and narrowing of the arteries.
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what do organisms need to survive?
food!
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What are the seven things our bodies need?
Carbohydrates, Fats, Protein, Fibre, Minerals, Vitamins, Water
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Why does our bodies need Carbohydrates?
a source of energy. pasta, potatoes and rice.
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Why does our bodies need Fats?
to insulate our bodies and to make cell membranes.cheese, butter, oils and margarine
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Why does our bodies need Protein?
for growth and repair.meat, fish, eggs and cheese.
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Why does our bodies need Fibre?
it allows the muscles in our intestines to move the material along and prevents constipation. bread, fruit and vegetables
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Why does our bodies need Minerals?
different elements, e.g. iron iron is used to make haemoglobin
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Why does our bodies need Vitamins?
different structures, e.g. vitamin C Vitamin C prevents scurvy
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Why does our bodies need Water?
all chemical reactions take place in water
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Whats the equations to calculate RDA?
RDA in g = 0.75 × body mass in kg
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Whats a first class protein?
Protein from an animal
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Why is it a first class protein?
because they contain more variety of amino acids compared with plant proteins.
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What are Macronutrients?
Macronutrients are nutrients that provide calories or energy.
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There are three broad classes of macronutrients, what are they?
proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
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How can protein be tested?
using the Biuret test. This involves adding the piece of food to a copper sulphate solution with a little sodium hydroxide added
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What colour does it change to if a protein is present?
The light blue colour changes to purple if proteins are present.
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What is the test for fat called?
the alcohol emulsion test
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What is the alcohol emulsion test?
Fat can be seen to be present in food if a white emulsion (tiny droplets of fat in water) is made after mixing the food with water and ethanol.
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How do you test for carbohydrates?
If you add a few drops of iodine to food it will go blue/black if starch is present
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What are 6 things you are likely to get if you are obese or overweight?
heart disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, gallstones, breathing problems, and certain cancers
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What is being overweight?
having extra body weight from muscle, bone, fat, and/or water.
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what is being obese?
having a high amount of extra body fat
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what is useful is measuring obesity and being overweight?
BMI
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What is BMI?
Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of body fat based on height and weight that applies to adult men and women.
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What factors contribute to a persons weight?
environment, family history and genetics, metabolism (the way your body changes food and oxygen into energy), behaviour or habits.
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Whats good for maintaining a healthy weight?
Energy balance
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Whats energy in?
The amount of energy or calories you get from food and drinks
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Whats energy out?
the energy your body uses for things like breathing, digesting, and being physically active
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how can weight stay the same in terms of energy in and out?
when energy in and energy out is the same and balances one another out
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how can weight increase in term of energy in and energy out?
when the energy in is higher that the energy out
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how can weight decrease in term of energy in and energy out?
when the energy out is higher than the energy in
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How is healthy weight maintained?
Follow a healthy diet, Are physically active, Limit the time you spend being physically inactive
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whats a balanced diet?
the correct amounts of each of these types of food molecules
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what factors make someones balanced diet vary?
Age, Gender and how active you are
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what are microbes?
an organism too small to be seen by the naked eye
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how do microbes enter the body?
through the mouth, nose and cuts or bites in the skin
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what are the microbes that are bad for us called?
pathogens.
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pathogens can be two things, what are they?
releasing toxins (poisons), or invading and damaging our cells (if they are viruses)
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What are four examples of pathogens?
Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa
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what two things does the body do to protect itself from microbes?
1) The body has thick skin, sticky mucus and cilia in the respiratory system, enzymes in tears and acid in the stomach 2) white blood cells attack the microbes
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What are two ways doctors help the body's fight against infection?
Vaccination and Antibiotics
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what is a vaccination?
dead or damaged microbes that are inserted into the body. This process causes the body to produce enough white blood cells to protect itself against the pathogens
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Give an example of diseases are not caused by pathogens.
scurvy is caused by vitamin C deficiency anaemia is caused by iron deficiency diabetes and cancer are disorders of the body.
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Give an example of an inherited disorder.
red-green colour vision deficiency
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How does cancer happen?
When cells repeatedly divide
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What causes of skin cancer?
using sunscreen reduces the risk of skin cancer
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What causes of lung cancer?
smoking increases the risk of lung cancer
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what are benign tumours?
benign tumours grow slowly and are usually harmless – warts are benign tumours
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what are malignant tumours?
malignant tumours often grow more quickly and may spread throughout the body.
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What are parasites?
Parasites are organisms that live on or in a host organism.
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who benefits and who suffers in a parasitic relationship?
The parasite benefits from this arrangement, but the host suffers as a result
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Examples of parasites?
tapeworms
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How is malaria caused?
Malaria is a disease caused by a protozoan, a type of single-celled organism.
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Hows the malaria parasite spread?
The malaria parasite is spread from person to person by mosquitoes.
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what are vectors?
Organisms that spread disease, rather than causing it themselves, are called vectors. The mosquito is the vector for malaria.
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what three things do white blood cells do?
1. Engulf the microbe 2. Produce antibodies to neutralise the microbe 3 Produce antitoxins to neutralise the toxins released by the microbe
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What are the two types of white blood cells?
Lymphocytes, Phagocytes
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what do Phagocytes do?
They move towards pathogens (toxins) and either absorb and kill them or release enzymes to kill them
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what do Lymphocytes do?
Lymphocytes contain a chemical foreign to the body. They carry a specific type of antibody. When the Lymphocyte meets an antigen (Something harmful-Bacteria) and the Lymphocyte has the antibody for it the antibody attacks the antigen to get rid of it
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when a Phagocyte absorbs a pathogen (toxin) what does it do?
sends a chemical message to lymphocytes telling them what antibody they need to destroy the antigens
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What is a vaccination?
injection of Damaged, dead or inactive microbes into the body in hopes of preventing disease.
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how does a vaccination work?
once injected, white blood cells will work in finding what antibody is needed and when found that white blood cell reproduces and releases antibodies to destroy the pathogen
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why are vaccine boosters needed?
because the immune response “memory” weakens over time.
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what does it mean when bacteria and viruses mutate very quickly?
This means that vaccines developed to protect against these pathogens no longer work so effectively. A new vaccine has to be developed to protect against these new forms of pathogen.
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Give the recent example of an illness that we don't have a vaccine for
bird flu
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What are antibiotics?
Antibiotics are substances that kill bacteria or stop their growth.
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name an antibiotic.
penicillin
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what does penicillin do?
Breaks down cell walls
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what are the four human body defences?
skin, blood clotting (scabs), mucus and stomach acid
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what is the order of leading up to response?
stimulus > detection > co-ordination > response
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what detects stimulus?
receptors
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what is the receptors job?
Their job is to convert the stimulus into electrical signals in nerve cells
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what 5 things can receptors specialise in?
light, sound, touch (pressure, pain and temperature), taste and smell, position of the body
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what is a sense organ?
a sense organ is a group of receptors gathered together with some other structures which help receptors to work more efficiently
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whats the cause of long or short sight vision and what treatment can happen?
the lens is the wrong shape-wearing convex or concave lenses OR having cornea surgery.
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whats the cause of red green colour blindness and what treatment can happen?
there is a lack of certain cones in the retina-there is no treatment
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whats the cause of poor accommodation vision and what treatment can happen?
the lens becomes less elastic due to age-wearing glasses with half concave and half convex lenses
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what is binocular vision and what can it do?
Each eye has a slightly different image of the object and its so you can see long distances
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what is monocular vision and what can you not do?
where you can see all around and you cannot see long distances
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order of the eyes from front to back.
cornea, pupil, iris, lens, sclera, retina and optic nerve
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when a light is shined in the eye what does the iris and pupil do?
the iris expands, making the pupil smaller, it's letting less light in
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when in the dark what does the iris and pupil do?
the iris shrinks, making the pupil gets bigger, its letting more light in
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what does the lens do?
bends light to focus on the retina
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how does the lens do this?
it changes shape
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what does the optic nerve do?
sends electrical impulses to the brain which allows us to see an image
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what does the retina do?
it receives images
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what does the cornea do?
acts as a protective shield
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What does coordination involve?
Co-ordination involves processing all the information from receptors so that the body can produce a response that will benefit the whole organism.
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What does response involve using effectors?
Effectors are organs in the body that bring about a response to the stimulus.
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what could a response be?
a reflex, muscles contracting, glands releases enzymes
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what is the nervous systems made up of?
CNS (Central Nervous System) and the peripheral nervous system.
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what is the central nervous system?
the brain and spinal cord
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what is the peripheral nervous system?
all the nerves passing information to and from the central nervous system
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Once the information reaches the CNS from a sensory neurone, what two choices could happen?
reflex action-The message may be passed straight to a motor neurone via a relay neurone or a voluntary action-The message can be sent to the higher centres of the brain and the organism might decide to make a response.
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whats an example of a reflex?
knee jerk, pupil reflex, accommodation, ducking and withdrawing the hand from a hot object.
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when someone touches a hot plate, what is the order of response?
stimulus is detected by the sensory cell, impulse passes down the sensory neurone, rely nurone passes it to the motor neurone, motor neurone passes impulses to the effector, the muscle contracts
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what is a reflex arc?
A reflex arc is the subconscious movement from a stimulus that can cause harm e.g. a bee sting
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what is the cerebral hemisphere?
The cerebral hemisphere is the area of the brain where the decisions are made. Nerve impulses from here are sent down the spinal cord to effectors via motor neurones.
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what are legal drugs?
tobacco and alcohol
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name the class A drugs
cocaine, ecstasy, heroin
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name the class B drugs
amphetamines-speed
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name class C drugs
anabolic steroids, cannabis, tranquillisers
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what do stimulants do to the synapses?
stimulants cause more neurotransmitter molecules to diffuse across the synapse
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what do depressants do to the synapses?
depressants stop the next neurone sending nerve impulses – they bind to the receptor molecules it needs to respond to the neurotransmitter molecules.
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what do cigarettes contain that make them harmful?
nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide
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what is Parkinson disease?
Parkinson’s disease is a disorder of the central nervous system that is caused by a loss of cells in an area of the brain.
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what is alcohol and what does it do to us?
It is a depressant. This means that it slows down signals in the nerves and brain.
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What removes alcohol from the us and what does it remove the alcohol from?
removes it from the bloodstream and its the liver that does this.
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what are hormones?
Hormones are chemical messengers that are carried in the blood stream.
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what is homeostasis?
where the internal body is kept fairly constant
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What factors need to be kept constant?
Water - temperature - sugar levels -mineral content
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what can the body not do if glucose/sugar levels get too low?
If it gets too low then cells will not have enough to use for respiration.
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what does the body do if glucose/sugar levels get too high?
If it is too high then glucose may start to pass out in the urine.
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what hormone control the level of glucose in the blood?
insulin
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what happens in the body when glucose levels are too high (not that it passes through urine)?
more insulin is made, the insulin converts excess glucose into glycogen to be stored in the liver.
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people with diabetes dont have enough what and what do they have to do?
enough glucose, inject themselves with insulin to control the level of glucose in the blood
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the four point of Blood Glucose level too high?
1. Insulin injected by pancreas 2. Glucose absorbed by tissues 3. Glucose absorbed by liver 4. Blood glucose reduced
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whats the natural body temperature and why it is best?
37 °C because its the best temperature for enzymes to work
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when were too hot what does our body do to cool us down?
we sweat and we do a process called vasodilation
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explain sweating.
sweating – as water evaporates from our skin, it absorbs heat energy. This cools the skin and the body loses heat.
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explain vasodilation.
vasodilation – blood capillaries near the skin surface get wider to allow more blood to flow near the surface. Because the blood is warmer than the air, it cools down and the body loses more heat.
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what two things could happen if our temperature gets too high?
If the blood temperature gets too high it could lead to heat stroke and dehydration.
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what does our body do to heat us up when we are cold?
shiver, we do a process called vasoconstriction, and we sweat less
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explain shivering.
shivering – rapid contraction and relaxation of body muscles. This increases the rate of respiration and more energy is released as heat
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explain vasoconstriction.
vasoconstriction – blood capillaries near the skin surface get narrower and this process reduces blood flow to the surface. The blood is diverted to deeper within the body to conserve heat.
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when our blood level is too low what are we at risk of?
Hypothermia
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explain the process of the body when we have too much water, five points.
1. Hypothalamus (part of brain) detects too much water in blood 2. Pituitary gland releases less ADH 3. Kidneys absorb more water from blood 4. More water reaches bladder and is lost through urine 5. Blood water level returns to normal
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explain the process of the body when we have not enough water, five points.
1. Hypothalamus detects too little water in blood 2. Pituitary gland releases more ADH 3. Kidneys absorb less water from blood 4. Less water reaches bladder and is lost through urine 5. Blood water level returns to normal
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what are Auxins?
plant hormones controlling growth
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two things auxins do?
Auxins respond to light, gravity and moisture, Auxins cause some cells to elongate or grow at a faster rate
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positive and negative tropism?
Positive tropism = response towards stimulus Negative tropism = response away from stimulus
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positive and negative geotropism?
Positive geotropism = roots grow towards direction of gravity Negative geotropism = shoots grow away from direction of gravity
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what is Hydrotropism? positive Hydrotropism?
Hydrotropism = plant’s response to water. Positive hydrotropism = shoots always follow direction of water
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what is Phototropism?
Phototropism = plant’s response to light
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what destroys auxins?
Light destroys auxins.
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the four commerical uses of plant hormones?
1. Growing cuttings 2. Producing fruit without seeds 3. Ripening fruit 4. Increasing size
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whats an allele?
An Allele is an alternative form of a gene and is located located at a specific position on a specific chromosome.
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what can an allele be?
dominant or recessive
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what is Homozygous?
Homozygous = two same alleles (purebred)
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what is Heterozygous?
Heterozygous = two different alleles
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Dominant + recessive =?
dominant
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Dominant + dominant =?
dominant
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Recessive + dominant =?
dominant
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Recessive + recessive =?
recessive
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what is a genotype?
The genotype is the genetic makeup of an individual. For example, it is the particular combination of alleles
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what is a phenotype?
The phenotype is the characteristics expressed by an individual. For example, it is the actual eye colour
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how are inherited diseases caused?
Inherited disorders are caused by faulty genes, which are mostly (but not always) recessive alleles.
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what is cystic fibrosis?
cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder that affects the cell membranes, causing the production of thick and sticky mucus. It is caused by a recessive allele, which means that it must be inherited from both parents.
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what is monohybrid cross?
when you breed two organisms together to look at a characteristic thats controlled by one gene
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What does fit mean?

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how well you can perform physical tasks

Card 3

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How is blood pumped around the body?

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Card 4

Front

What does contractions of the heart do?

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Card 5

Front

When blood leaves the heart where does it go?

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