Biological Molecules Key Words 1

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Risk factor
A factor that increases your chances of developing a particular disease
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Metabolism
The sum total of all the biochemical reactions taking place in the cells of an organism
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Covalent bonds
Bonds that are formed between atoms when they share electrons. They are usually very strong. Covalently bonded atoms form new molecules
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Carbohydrates
A class of biological molecules with the general formula Cx(H2O)x. It includes sugars, starches, glycogen and cellulose
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Polysaccharide
A polymer consisting of many monosaccharide monomers covalently bonded together
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Monosaccharide
A simple sugar molecule which is a monomer of polysaccharides
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Amino acid
An organic compound that contains both and amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH). Amino acids are monomers of protein molecules
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Primary structure of a protien
The sequence of amino acids found in a protein molecule
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Secondary structure of a protein
The coiling or folding of parts of a molecule due to the formation of hydrogen bonds formed during protein synthesis. The main forms of secondary structure are alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheets
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Tertiary structure of a protein
The overall 3D structure of the final polypeptide or protein molecule
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Haemoglobin
A globular transport protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells
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Collagen
A fibrous structural protein found in connective tissue, bones, skin and cartilage. It accounts for 30% of all body protein
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Prosthetic group
A non-protein component that forms a permanent part of a functioning protein molecule
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Lipids
Chemicals that dissolve in organic solvents, e.g. alcohol, but not in water. They include fatty acids, tricglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids and cholesterol
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Ester bond
The bond formed when fatty acid molecules are joined to glycerol molecules in condensation reaction
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Triglyceride
A molecule consisting of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules covalently bonded together
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Phospholipids
A molecule consisting of a glycerol molecule, two fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group covalently bonded together. They form the basis of cell membranes
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Glycolipid
A lipid with carbohydrate molecules attached
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Cholesterol
A lipid molecule found in all cell membranes and involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones
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Test for starch
Add a few drops of iodine solution. If starch is present it will go from brown to blue/black
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Test for reducing sugars
Add Benedict's solution and heat to 80 degrees C. If reducing sugars are present it will go from blue to orange/red
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Test for non-reducing sugar
Do test for reducing sugars, if negative, boil HCl and neutralise after then repeat Benedict's test, looking for the same results as for reducing sugars
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Test for protein
Add biuret reagent. If protein is present it will go from blue to lilac
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Test for lipid
Add ethanol to dissolve the lipid and then pour into water in another test tube. If lipids are present, a white emulsion will form near the top of the water
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Food tests
Simple tests that show the presence of various biological molecules in samples or structures
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Nucleotides
Monomers of all nucleic acids. Each nucleotide is formed by bonding together a phosphate group, a sugar molecule and a nitrogenous base
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Ribose
5-Carbon (pentose) sugar found in RNA nucleotides
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Deoxyribose
The 5-Carbon sugar in DNA nucleotides
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DNA
A polymer of nucleotide molecules that form the instructions for the synthesis of proteins found within organisms. The nucleotides contain the 5-carbon sugar deoxyribose
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Gene
A length of DNA that codes for one polypeptide. Each gene occupies a specific place on the chromosome. Different versions of the same gene are called alleles
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

The sum total of all the biochemical reactions taking place in the cells of an organism

Back

Metabolism

Card 3

Front

Bonds that are formed between atoms when they share electrons. They are usually very strong. Covalently bonded atoms form new molecules

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

A class of biological molecules with the general formula Cx(H2O)x. It includes sugars, starches, glycogen and cellulose

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

A polymer consisting of many monosaccharide monomers covalently bonded together

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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