A gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism
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What genes were found to have contributed towards schizophrenia in gene mapping studies?
PCM1, NRG1 AND NRG3.
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What was the family history study?
Kendler et al found that first degree relatives of people with schizophrenia are 18 times more likely to develop the illness than the general public.
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Outline the twin studies by Gottesman and Shields (1982) and Gottesman (1991)
Gottesman and Shields - Twin registers for reared apart twins, 12 seperated twins, 58% developed schizophrenia. Gottesman carried out a meta-analysis of 40 studies and found a concordance rate of 48% for MZ and 17% for DZ
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What did Tienari's study and find?
Studied 112 children adopted away from their biological mother with schizophrenia and a matched control group of 135 children adopted away from their biological mothers who had not history of illness. 7% with schizophrenia developed and 1.5% control
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What was the Israeli high risk study?
50 children who were at risk of developing schizophrenia due to one of their parents, matched to a control group (similar age and background), Half of the children raised in Kibbutz and half in a traditional family. 13 years later, 22 high and 4 low.
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How does Lewontin, Rose and Kamin's study cast doubt on reliability?
They cited twin studies and found a concordance rate of 14% for MZ, this casts doubt on previous studies as they arent getting the same results and it suggests that the genetic element is very low.
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"The criteria for diagnosis of schizophrenia has changed many times," how is this a criticism?
The diagnosis may change when the criteria changes meaning they either now have been diagnosed with a disorder or may now not have thie disorder.
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Why is it a problem if people treat MZ's as one person?
Higher concordance rate for MZ's may be due to parents treating them as one as they are unable to develop their own identity making them more likely to develop schizophrenia meaning it is not genetic.
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"Some children were not adopted until the age of 4 years." Explain this criticism.
This means that children would have spent more time with their parents so may have socially learnt odd behaiour. Also, they may nto have formed attachments in the critical period, Bowlby said this can cause serious problems, such as schizophrenia.
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Why is it a problem that no study has yet found a 100% concordance rate?
This shows that schizophrenia is not purely down to genes, you inherit vulnerability and that environmental factors must also play a part.
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Why is it a problem if the researcher decideds who has schizophrenia and if they are MZ or DZ?
It could be open to biased opinions and also subjective. It is open to interpretation and the researcher may say some one has schizophrenia when they actually dont.
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"Family members share the same genes as well as the same environment" explain this criticism.
This is a criticism of Kendler's family history study as you cannot tell whether it is down to the environment or genes as they share both.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What genes were found to have contributed towards schizophrenia in gene mapping studies?
Back
PCM1, NRG1 AND NRG3.
Card 3
Front
What was the family history study?
Back
Card 4
Front
Outline the twin studies by Gottesman and Shields (1982) and Gottesman (1991)
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