Found that probands had three times as many relatives who also experienced phobias as normal controls.
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Solyom et al (1974) - support for family studies
Found that 45% of phobic patients had at least one relative with the disorder, compared to a rate of 17% of non-phobic controls.
2 of 10
Kendler at al (1992) - support for family studies
Estimated a 67% heritability rate for agoraphobia, 59% for blood/injury, 51% for social phobias and 47% for animals phobias.
3 of 10
Torgersen (1983) - support from twin studies
Compared MZ twins and same-sex DZ pairs (total number of twins was 85) where one twin (the proband) had an anxiety disorder with panic attacks. Such disorders were 5 times more frequent in MZ twin pairs.
4 of 10
Tiihonen et al (1997) - support for inheritance
Found a significantly lower number of dopamine re-uptake sites in patients with social phobia than in normal controls. This low number of sites would be likely to lead to abnormally low levels of dopamine.
5 of 10
Marks (1987) - support for preparedness
When an infant sees a stranger, they first look at their mother to gauge her response. Fear in the mother is likely to produce a fearful reaction from the infant.
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Mineka et al (1984) - support for preparedness
Rhesus monkeys rapidly develop a fear of snakes if they see another rhesus monkey showing fear towards a snake however, the same rapid association is not made if another rhesus monkey shows fear towards a flower.
7 of 10
Merckelbach et al (1988) - support for preparedness
Found that most of the clinical phobias in their sample were rated as non-prepared rather than prepared.
8 of 10
Bennett-Levy and Marteau (1984) - support for prepotency
When asking participants to rate a list of animals for fearfulness, ugliness and strangeness, that some animals (such as a slug) should have been highly feared, but weren't.
9 of 10
Ohman and Soares (1994) - support for prepotency
Provided evidence for prepotency effects. 'Masked' pictures were constructed of feared objects in such a way they weren't recognisable at first. Pps who were more fearful of such objects showed greater GSR compared to neutral objects and non-phobics.
10 of 10
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Found that 45% of phobic patients had at least one relative with the disorder, compared to a rate of 17% of non-phobic controls.
Back
Solyom et al (1974) - support for family studies
Card 3
Front
Estimated a 67% heritability rate for agoraphobia, 59% for blood/injury, 51% for social phobias and 47% for animals phobias.
Back
Card 4
Front
Compared MZ twins and same-sex DZ pairs (total number of twins was 85) where one twin (the proband) had an anxiety disorder with panic attacks. Such disorders were 5 times more frequent in MZ twin pairs.
Back
Card 5
Front
Found a significantly lower number of dopamine re-uptake sites in patients with social phobia than in normal controls. This low number of sites would be likely to lead to abnormally low levels of dopamine.
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