biological molecules

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  • Created by: M mangal
  • Created on: 18-11-16 21:34
what is the role of calcium ions in living organisms?
nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction
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what is the role of sodium ions in living organisms?
nerve impulse transmission and kidney function
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what is the role of potassium ions in living organisms?
nerve impulse transmission and stomatal openings
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what is the role of hydrogen ions in living organisms?
catalysis of reactions and pH determination
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what is the role of ammonium ions in living organisms?
production of nitrate ions by bacteria
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what is the role of nitrate ions in living organisms?
nitrogen supply to plants for amino acid and protein formation
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what is the role of hydrogen carbonate ions in living organisms?
maintenance of blood pH
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what is the role of chloride ions in living organisms?
balance positive charge of sodium and potassium ions in cells
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what is the role of phosphate ions in living organisms?
cell membrane formation, nucleic acid and ATP formation, bone formation
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what is the role of hydroxide ions in living organisms?
catalysis of reactions and pH determination
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carbohydrates are made up of which elements?
C,H and O - Cx(H2O)x
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lipids are made up of which elements?
C, H, O
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proteins are made up of which elements?
C,H,O,N,S
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Nucleic acids are made up of which elements?
C,H,O,N,P
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what are the monomers in carbohydrates?
saccharides
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what are the monomers in proteins?
amino acids
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what are some of the unusual characteristics of water?
water has an unusually high boiling point, it is less dense in its solid state
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why is water liquid at room temperature?
due to the hydrogen bonding between the water molecules. It takes a lot of energy to increase the temperature of the water and cause it to become gaseous
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why is water less dense in its solid state?
This is due to the hydrogen bonds formed. During freezing, the hydrogen bonds fix the positions of the polar molecules slightly further apart than the average distance in the liquid state, producing a giant, rigid but open structure
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what are the two properties of water?
cohesive and adhesive properties
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why does water have a skin of surface tension?
Because water molecules are more strongly cohesive to each other than they are to air
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what is capillary action?
the process by which water can rise up a narrow tube against the force of gravity
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how does water act as a solvent or a transport medium?
It is a polar molecule in which many of the polar solutes will dissolve. Cohesion and adhesion makes water a good transport medium
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how does water act as a coolant?
it helps buffer temperature changes because of the large amounts of energy required to overcome hydrogen bonding
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how does water provide a constant environment?
it doesn't change temperature or become gas easily. Ice floats on top, forming an insulating layer above and below the water.
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what is the general formula of carbohydrates?
Cx(H2O)y
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what are some examples of monosaccharides?
glucose, fructose and ribose
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what are some examples of disaccharides?
lactose and sucrose
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what are some examples of polysaccharides?
glycogen, cellulose and starch
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what is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?
the OH (hydroxyl) group on carbon 1 is in opposite positions
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Are glucose molecules polar?
yes
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why are glucose molecules soluble in water?
due to the hydrogen bonds that form between the hydroxyl groups and water molecules
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why is the solubility of glucose important?
it means glucose is dissolved in the cytosol of the cell
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when two alpha molecules interact, what happens?
the hydroxyl groups interact, two hydrogen and one oxygen atom are removed, they join to form a water molecule, a 1,4 glycosidic (covalent) bond is formed
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what is the new molecule produced from the reaction of two alpha glucose molecules called?
maltose, a disaccharide
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fructose + glucose = ?
sucrose (disaccharide)
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galactose + glucose = ?
lactose (disaccharide)
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what are some hexose monosaccharides?
fructose, galactose and glucose
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what is one example of a pentose monosaccharide?
ribose
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