small units that can be joined to form longer chains eg.polymers
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what are polymers?
molecules made from large numbers of monomers(repeating units) joined together.
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3 basic types of carbohydrates
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
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3 monosaccharides
alpha/beta glucose, fructose, galactose
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what are monosaccharides?
simple sugars, are the monomers from which all larger carbohydrates are made.
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characteristics of glucose
-5 of the carbon atoms form a ring, it can exist in 2 slightly different forms depending on the orientation of the hydrogen and hydroxyl group on carbon atom 1=alpha and beta glucose which are isomers
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are monosaccharides soluble in water?
yes
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what are disaccharides?
have molecules made of 2 monosaccharides joined together.- by condensation reaction
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3 types of disaccharides
maltose, sucrose, lactose
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3 types of polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, cellulose
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what are polysaccharides?
giant molecules made of many monosaccharides joined by condensation reactions
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why are polysaccharides insoluble?
the molecules are too large and therefore cannot spread out in between water molecules
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characteristics of starch
its a polymer made of alpha glucose molecules(which re the monomers). the bonds produce twisted chains of monomers. the coiled and branched chains gives starch a compact shape meaning its insoluble in water marking it ideal energy storage compounds
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more on starch...
they are easily hydrolysed to individual glucose molecules by enzymes that break the a-1,4 glycosidic bonds, the glucose can then be used in respiration. starch is the major storage carbohydrate in plants.(its NEVER found in plants)
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characteristics of glycogen
a storage carbohydrate in animals (NEVER in plants) its made up of a- glucose molecules joined by 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds. and the have more branches than starch.
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characteristics of cellulose
most common polysaccharide. major substance making up plant cell walls. made of long chains b-glucose molecules all joined through 1,4 glycosidic bonds.
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more on cellulose...
there are no branches meaning the long straight molecules can lay side by side. cellulose molecules form hydrogen bonds with all other molecules laying alongside them- forms groups of parallel molecules (microfibrils)=strong. because there are lots.
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whys cellulose a good structural substance rather than storage?
because cellulose is difficult to digest and only a few organisms have the enzymes cellulase thatch break b-4 glycosidic bonds.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
molecules made from large numbers of monomers(repeating units) joined together.
Back
what are polymers?
Card 3
Front
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Back
Card 4
Front
alpha/beta glucose, fructose, galactose
Back
Card 5
Front
simple sugars, are the monomers from which all larger carbohydrates are made.
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