Biological Basis of Behaviour

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What is the biological basis of behaviour?
how structures and actions of the brain and body produce behavior and experiences
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Neuropsychology
Use knowledge gained from impaired brains to inform knowledge of normal function
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EEG
Measures the electrical activity of the brain, and helps establish when activity occurs Event Related Potentials – ERPs are often used in neurobiological research investigating psychological functions
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Brain Imaging
MRI Scan: Neuronatomy. fMRI Scan:role of different brain regions
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Stimulates (increases or decreases) brain activity
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How many neurons are there in the human brain?
100-150 billion neurons
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The brain
learns about the world through the peripheral nervous system. Bodily processes.
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Spinal Chord
links the brain to the peripheral nervous system controls our reflexes (e.g. knee jerk response*)
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PerNS
It provides sensory and motor connections to and from the central nervous system*
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ANS
manages our internal systems, such as heart rate and blood pressure is also referred to as our visceral nervous system because it controls our organs
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SoNS
Allows interaction with the environment by controlling voluntary muscles Consists of sensory (dealing with senses) and motor (dealing with muscle movement) nerves
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1. polarised
-70mV
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2. Depolarised
-55mV
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3.Hyperpolarised
30mV
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Each neuron connects with
10,000 others
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Protection :Spinal chord
Pia Matter, Arachnoid, Dura Matter, Vertebra.
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The Brain: Protection
Dura matter, Arachnoid and pia matter
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Hindbrain: vital body functions
Cerebellum Pons Medulla. Breathing heart rate motor control
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Midbrain
Substantia Nigra (motor control), superior collicuili – vision; inferior colliculi -- audition, LGN and thalamus
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Diencephalon
Hypothalamus (hormone control sexual behavior hunger, thirst), Thalamus (sensory switchboard)
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Basal Ganglia
voluntary motor control Learning & memory disorders
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Limbic System
Cingulate cortex, Amygdala and hippocampus
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Parietal Cortex
Attention Spatial perception Number processing
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Temporal Lobe
Auditory cortex Language Memory
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Frontal lobe
Attention Planning Decision making Emotion control Language
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Chromosomal changes: Down syndrome
extra chromosome 21, abnormal dendritic spines in the cerebral cortex
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Alzheimer’s
65% of all dementias. atrophy of the cerebral cortex, particularly temporal and frontal areas
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Parkinson’s
loss of cells in substantia nigra (basal ganglia), and consequent. loss of the neurotransmitter dopamine. motor behavior cognitive slowing.
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homunculus
neurological map showing the different proportions of the cortex dedicated to processing sensorimotor information for that area
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pressure detection
Pacinian corpuscle
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Vestibulation
Vestibular system made up of receptors in inner ear that respond to body position & movement of the head
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otolith organ
These sends messages about our position in 3D space
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Nociceptors
detect pain and temperature
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Specialisation – 2 Systems
Rapidly Adapting receptors, Slowly Adapting Receptors
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inhibit pain
1 – spinal cord (countered via epidural) 2 – brainstem (countered via electrical stimulation*) 3 – cortex (countered via distraction)
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Thermoregulation (Arancibia et al., 1996; Mogenson, 1977)
Operates through automatic response of hypothalamus & behavioural response (e.g. stamping feet to stay warm) Hypothalamus integrates information with input from skin receptors
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Cornea
clear; main lens of the eye
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Aqueous humour
watery fluid in anterior chamber
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Pupil
dark aperture in front of the lens
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Ciliary body –
includes Ciliary muscle, which controls shape of lens; manufactures aqueous humour
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Vitreous humour
jelly-like liquid between lens and retina
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Astigmatism
cornea or lens is rugby-ball shaped, not rounded.
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“Hyperopia
” When the lens is too weak – or the eyeball is too short
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Myopia
When the lens is too strong – or the eyeball is too long
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Retinotopy
remapping of retinal image onto cortical surface
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Ossicles
Malleus (Hammer), Incus (Anvil), Stapes (Stirrup)
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presbycusis
age related hearing loss
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Left Primary Auditory Cortex Damage
Deficit in differentiating speech sounds
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Right Primary Auditory Cortex Damage
Deficit in discriminating musical sounds
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Axel & Buck, 2000
Large, diverse set olfactory receptors coded in 350 genes, allowing differentiation of 10,000+ smells
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Rumbaugh, 1977
An infinitely open system of communication
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‘Tan’ (Broca, 1861)
French hospital patient with lesion that resulted in: single syllable speech (“tan”), good intonation, obvious frustration at deficit. Also lost use of right arm & hand. lesion in a region in left frontal lobe
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Wernicke (1874)
Case report on 2 patients - Relatively fluent speech - Create new words - ‘neologisms’ - Severely impaired comprehension Post-mortem of patients revealed lesion in a region in the left temporal lobe
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Conduction aphasia Fluent speech (relatively spared Broca’s area) Good comprehension (relatively spared Wernicke’s area) Inability to repeat spoken language Due to the lesion to arcuate fasciculus
Fluent speech (relatively spared Broca’s area) Good comprehension (relatively spared Wernicke’s area) Inability to repeat spoken language Due to the lesion to arcuate fasciculus
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Global aphasia
Can produce few recognizable words (if any) and understand little or no spoken language
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Wada technique (Wada & Rasmussen, 1960)
Inject fast-acting anaesthetic (sodium amytal) into carotid artery supplying blood to left hemisphere Anaesthesia of left hemisphere and consequent immobility in contra-lateral (right) limbs and speech disruption.
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‘Split-brain’ patients (Sperry, 1969)
Present object / word in left visual field R.Hemisphere can’t name object Present object / word in right visual field L.Hemisphere can name object
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Korsakoff’s syndrome (Korsakoff, 1889)
Alcohol-use related vitamin B1 deficiency Damage to thalamus and hypothalamus Results in severe anterograde and retrograde amnesia
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Prefrontal Cortex Implicated in high-level cognition;
Highly interconnected with the rest of the brain ‘All neural roads eventually lead to the frontal lobes’ Kolb & Whishaw (2009)
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Prefrontal cortex (PFC)
organization and control of goal-directed thought and behaviour
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Frontal Lobotomy patients
Egas Moniz: The goal was to cut the nerve pathways in the frontal lobes; mostly performed on treatment-resistant mentally ill individuals.
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Functions of the Frontal Lobes
Planning, Monitoring and Decision-making
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executive function (PFC)
Inhibition Working memory Cognitive flexibility
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Shallice & Burgess’ (1991) Multiple Errands Task
11 tasks to be completed, + following some rules Frontal patients found this hard! All did their best to comply. Broke rules -- entered irrelevant shops, talked to random people. 2/3 patients failed a
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Neuroeconomics
studies brain mechanisms active during economic decision making.
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Darwin (1872)
Hypothesised that emotions had an adaptive function & had evolved
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Pop Psychology
Event - Emotion - Physiological Change
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James-Lang Theory
Event - Physiological Change - Emotion
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Ekman et al. (1987)
6 emotions found in 10, diverse nations
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Appraisal Theory of Emotion (Arnold, 1960)*
Event ► appraise event ► express emotion E.g. Tiger ► danger ► fear
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Attribution Theory (Weiner, 1974)
The meaning that one ascribes to an event will affect how one feels about that event
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Cross-sectional Study (Gunnar et al., 1989)
Looked at hormonal and behavioural response across ages to injections: Preschool, older preschool, & school-age Preschool age children had most crying Older preschool had highest cortisol levels Oldest c
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Neuropsychology

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Use knowledge gained from impaired brains to inform knowledge of normal function

Card 3

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EEG

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Card 4

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Brain Imaging

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Card 5

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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

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