Biological Approach

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What is assumption 1?
Evolutionary Influences
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What is Evolution?
Change of a species overtime and over many generations
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What is Natural Selection?
Evolutionary process whereby best adapted individuals survive for longer and therefore reproduce more so their offspring genetically inherits the adaptive traits
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What is the EEA?
Environment of evolutionary adaptiveness
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What is assumption 2?
Localisation of brain function
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What is a Hemisphere?
The 2 halves of the brain
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What is Localisation?
Organisation of the brain
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What is the Frontal lobe?
Responsible for behaviour, creativity and personality
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What is the Temporal lobe?
Responsible for memory
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What is the Occipital lobe?
Responsible for interpreting vision
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What is the Parietal lobe?
Responsible for spatial orientation, speech and touch sensation
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What is the Motor Cortex?
Ables you to use body parts (e.g legs to walk)
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What is the Visual Cortex?
Ables you to see
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What is Broca’s area?
Responsible for speech production
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What is Wernicke’s area?
Responsible for understanding language
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What is assumption 3?
Neurotransmitters
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What are Neurons?
Electrically excitable cells that form the nervous system
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What is a Synapse?
The gap between neurons where chemical messages are exchanged
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What are the neurotransmitters in Schizophrenia?
High levels of dopamine
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What are the neurotransmitters in Anxiety?
Low levels of dopamine
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What are the neurotransmitters in Happiness?
Normal levels of serotonin
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What are the neurotransmitters in Depression?
Low levels of both dopamine and serotonin
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What are the neurotransmitters in Love?
Normal levels of dopamine, serotonin and oxytocin
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What are the neurotransmitters in Fight or flight?
Normal levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline
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What is component 1 of psychosurgery?
Prefrontal Lobotomy
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What is Psychosurgery?
Surgical procedure for treating mentally disturbed behaviour by destroying parts of the brain
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What is OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder)?
Obsessive thoughts that re-occur constantly
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What is Bipolar disorder?
Two opposite (mania and depression)
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What is Depression?
Sustained feeling of sadness for at least 2 weeks
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What is Schizophrenia?
Split reality and fantasy
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Egas Moniz (1930s)- Prefrontal Leucotomy
Access to brain via temples Drilling hole on each side of the skull and insert ‘leucotome’ to destroy nerve fibres It was hoped that by cutting nerve pathways, patients would be relieved of distressing thoughts
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Walter Freeman (1940s/1950) -Transorbital Lobotomy
Insert sharp object into brain through eye socket into frontal lobe and wiggle it around. Hoped to reduce aggressive behaviour.
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What is component 2 of psychosurgery?
Stereotactic lobotomy
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What is Stereotactic Surgery?
Precise way of surgically treating mental disorders and reducing chronic pain in cancer patients
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What is Bilateral Cingulotomy?
Burn tissue away by heating the tip of electrode or use a non invasive gamma knife to focus beams of radiation
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What is a Capsulotomy?
Insert probes through the top of the skull and down into capsule near the hypothalamus that is part of the circuit Heat the tips of the probes, burning away tiny portions of the tissue
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What is Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)?
Wires threaded through skull. Wires remain embedded in the brain and connected to a battery pack implanted in the patient’s chest. The batteries have an adjustable high-frequency current that interrupts the brain circuit. IIt can be turned off.
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Evaluation of Early Psychosurgeries
Lobotomies had a fatality rate of 6% Had severe side effects such as brain seizures, lack of emotional response, unplanned behaviour, changes in lethargy and apathy
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Strengths of early psychosurgery
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Reasons for psychosurgery being treatment of last resort (evaluation)
Causes deliberate, irreversible brain damage. Risk of death. Life changing side effects. Can’t test effectiveness as a placebo test is not ethical.
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Ethical Problems with Psychosurgery
Lobotomised against their will. Associations can take advantage and use psychosurgery as an easier way to control patients. Risk of using as a punishment not a treatment. Not much informative consent.
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What is a Dependent Variables?
What’s being measured? ( In this research the brain differences)
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What is an Independent Variables?
What’s being tested/ compared? ( In this research murders NGRI/ non-murders)
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Hypothesis 1 of Rain et al (Based on previous research)
NGRI murderers will have brain dysfunction in the: Prefrontal cortex, Angular gyrus, Amygdala, Hippocampus, Thalamus, Corpus callosum.
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Hypothesis 2 of Rain et al (Based on previous research)
NGRI murderers won’t have brain dysfunction in the: Caudate, Putamen Globus pallidus, Midbrain, cerebellum.
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What is the experiment Design of Rain et al ?
Quasi-experiment as Raine took advantage of a ‘natural occuring’ event. Matched pairs as they were matched on age and sex, 6 NGRIs with schizophrenia matched with controls with schizophrenia
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Participants in Rain et al (NGRI murderes)
41(39xM and 2xF) Opportunity sample, 23/41had a head injury history, Medication free for 2 weeks
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Participants in Rain et al (control group)
(matched experimental group) 6 schizophrenic and the remaining had no history of mental illnesses, Non medicated
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Procedures of Rain et al
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What is the Novelty effect?
Effect of something new
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Findings of Rain et al ( Hypothesis 1)
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Findings of Rain et al ( Hypothesis 2)
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Conclusion of Rain et al
Supports previous research as NGRIs do have different brain functions compared to normal people. There are complex network systems involved in violent behaviour which might predispose an individual to violence.
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Strengths of Rain et al
PET scans are detailed and shows the brain in action.Yang + Raine (2009) supports these findings. Tihonen (2015) explains MAOA gene which predisposes a person to violent crime
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Weaknesses of Raine t al - PART 1
Quasi- experiment doesn’t show cause/effect relationships (can’t conclude NGRIs have different brain function due to criminal activity). The sample is atypical of all murders and not all violent crime if from murders, therefore you can’t generalise
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Weaknesses of Raine t al - PART 2
Doesn’t rely on factors ( Diathesis- stress theory) Some participants might have not been mentally competent to give consent Participants might find CPT stressful and might have been afraid of the PET scan
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Weaknesses of Raine t al - PART 3
May not have understood the right to withdraw at any moment (especially prisoners). Research might indicate people that are born murderers and make them suffer consequences
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Ethical issues
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Social implications PART 1
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Social implications PART 2
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Understanding consciousness (Neuroscience is ethical as it provides answers)
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Understanding consciousness (Neuroscience is not ethical)
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Treating criminal behaviour (Neuroscience is ethical as it provides answers)
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Treating criminal behaviour (Neuroscience is not ethical)
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Enhancing Neurological Functioning (Neuroscience is ethical as it provides answers)
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Enhancing Neurological Functioning (Neuroscience is not ethical )
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Improving marketing Techniques (Neuroscience is ethical as it provides answers)
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Improving marketing Techniques (Neuroscience is not ethical)
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Strengths of the biological approach PART 1
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Strengths of the biological approach PART 2
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Weaknesses of the biological approach PART 1
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Weaknesses of the biological approach PART 2
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Change of a species overtime and over many generations

Back

What is Evolution?

Card 3

Front

Evolutionary process whereby best adapted individuals survive for longer and therefore reproduce more so their offspring genetically inherits the adaptive traits

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Environment of evolutionary adaptiveness

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Localisation of brain function

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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