BIOL243 L14 Hospital Acquired infection

?
  • Created by: Katherine
  • Created on: 28-04-17 13:34
What are other names for HAI?
Healthcare Acquired infection (HCAI) or Nosocomial infection
1 of 32
What are the contributers to nosocomial infection?
Environment, patient's own flora, vulnerabiliy, interventions and clinical staff and infected patients
2 of 32
How many hospitalised patients acquire infection?
5 - 10%
3 of 32
When can hospital acquired infection be acquired?
They are acquired in the hospital, but bot being present in incubuation at admission (no time limit) e.g. you could leave and then devlop symptoms
4 of 32
Where are the most common hospital acquired infections?
Surgical site infections (30-35%), UTIs (20%), Pneumonia (up to 20%), Sepsis (3-5%), other (up to 20%)
5 of 32
What is an exogenous infection?
It results from direct inoculation of organism into patients without colonization. Today this is relatively rare, in ICU, directly related to hygienic measures, easy to prevent.
6 of 32
Give examples of how exogenous infection can be acquired?
Contaminated surgical tools, medical devices (cafeters, ventilaters)
7 of 32
What is an endogenous infection?
Infectinos that are caused by already colonizing microorganisms. e.g. opportunistic
8 of 32
What are early endogenous infections caused by?
Colonizing flora which was already present on the patient before hospitalization (e.g. E.coli, S.pneumoniae) Under normal circumstances, these microbes would not cause disease, but chaning conditions lead to disease
9 of 32
What are late endogenous infections?
They are infections which arise from hospital flora which firstly colonizes the patients body, and then can cause infection flora (MRSA, P.aeruginosa).
10 of 32
What are the factors related to HAI?
Microorganism, host (patient) treatment (e.g medical devices introduced to the patient), environment
11 of 32
What is an opportunistic infection?
Where the occurence of severity of an infection is determined by patient, not by microbial factors
12 of 32
What are the cuases of opportunistic infection?
Immunosuppression, breaching defences, foreign body, debility
13 of 32
Antibiotic use links to...
Higher rates of opportunistic infection and antibiotic infection.
14 of 32
In the 1990's, how resistant was Staphylococcus areus to Methiillin?
All sensitive to it - not resistant.
15 of 32
When did MRSA develop?
1993 - and it keeps growing
16 of 32
What is the predominant flora in the community?
Gram positive - antibiotic sensitive
17 of 32
What is the predominant flora in the community?
Gram negative - antibiotic resistant . It is also heamolytic bacteria
18 of 32
What is the suceptible population for a nosocomial colonisation?
Surgical patients (breach in skin integrity), patients in intensive care units (severe main disease, different invasive diagnostic and theraperutic procedures, variety of antibiotics), Patients with burns (huge skin defects), immunocompromised, old
19 of 32
Are older people more prone to get MRSA and MSSA than younger?
Yes - resistance becomes mre prevalent due to ongoing antibiotic use
20 of 32
What are device related infections?
Urinary catheter, intravascular devices, respiratory therapy.
21 of 32
How do treatment related infections arise?
Antibirotics are generally overused = antibiotic resistant bacteria. Immunospuppressive drugs leads to deficient immunityy and higher susceptibility to infections
22 of 32
What is in the hospital environent itself that makes it a breeding ground for nosocomial infections?
Dust, water (fluids, antiseptics), Air (airborne microbes, air conditioning), Food, medication (Iv, drugs), devices
23 of 32
Are there different risks in different areas of the hospital? Expand on this:
YES - High risk = operation theatre, sterile units, incubators), Moderate risk = patient rooms, examination rooms, waiting rooms), Low risk (corridors, cafes).
24 of 32
How do hospitals account for, and protect against nosocomial infections in the environment?
Air - strict regulation for theatres, staphylococci can be transmitted (also on ward), acinetobacter,aspergillus
25 of 32
What is parenterals?
When something is introduced IV - e.g. nutrition
26 of 32
What is the source of the HAI?
From patients, infected and/or colonized patient. Also contaminated environment (MRSA), healthcare personnel (BHS-A,MRSA, acute viral infections). Visitors (extremely rare)
27 of 32
Where are lots of resistant bacteria found?
In ITU nurses and Junior doctors - the patients bring them in
28 of 32
How are HAI trasmitted?
Hands of health care staff, not properly sterilized or disinfected instruments. Air, indirect contact with environment or food.
29 of 32
How was the effectivness of hand washing measured?
In widwives clinics - when the midwives began to wash their hands, the rate of mothers surviving giving birth increased drastically
30 of 32
What are the resident skin flora?
S. epidermidis, corynebacterium spp, propionibacterium.
31 of 32
What are common transient bacteria?
S.aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas spp, coliforms (Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, enterococci)
32 of 32

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the contributers to nosocomial infection?

Back

Environment, patient's own flora, vulnerabiliy, interventions and clinical staff and infected patients

Card 3

Front

How many hospitalised patients acquire infection?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

When can hospital acquired infection be acquired?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Where are the most common hospital acquired infections?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Biology resources:

See all Biology resources »See all Medical resources »